The faculty is to be internationally recognized and identified   with its pioneering educational program and equip its graduates with a broad scientific knowledge and trust that will enable them to advance forward as  successful scientists and researchers accompanied with enormous skills that provide distinguished medical services

Achieve excellence in the field of medical sciences and dentistry through education, scientific research and practical implementation

Ø  To develop and upgrade student’s self-capabilities to yield competitive medical dentists through training and professional practice

Ø  To facilitate for the students, attainment of robust foundation in the principles of medical sciences and dentistry

Ø  To raise the students on the basis that skills development is essential for competitive work in dentistry field throughout the whole professional life

Ø  To be flexible for addressing the needs of distinguished students using diversified educational strategies

Ø  To enforce the significance of providing excellent care to the patients and community services

Ø  To generate an environment that induces community advancement and deploys the spirit of cooperation, cultural diversity and globalization

Contents 1- Mission Statement 2- Vision Statement 3- Outcomes expected of Alneelain graduates 4- Educational Goals & Objectives -Introduction -Goals of the curriculum -Objectives of the curriculum 5- Phases & Educational Units 6- The Degree Plan 7- Teaching & learning Strategy - Philosophy - Learning Situations - Learning Approaches - Resources 8- Course Objectives - General Objectives - Specific Objectives 9- Assessment & Evaluation Strategy -Evaluation of the curriculum - Evaluation of the students - Evaluation & Grading Mission Statement: The mission of the School of Dentistry is to achieve excellence in the medical science, and dental art& science through teaching, research, and practice Vision Statement: The vision of our School is to be an internationally recognized dental school known for an innovative educational program, provide the graduate with wide range of scientific knowledge, giving him confidence to proceed as good scientist& researcher, with superior skills to offer highest degree of service. Out Comes Expected of Alneelain University Graduates 1- To graduate a scientifically knowledgeable, biologically oriented, technically competent and socially sensitive dental practitioner 2 - The highest standards of professional conduct, ethics and function effectively as a member of the health care delivery system. 3- -To be competent in the prevention, diagnosis and care of patients’ oro-facial conditions that affect overall health and patient well-being. 4- Life long learning Curriculum Goals and Objectives Introduction: The programme is designed to graduate dentist who will have adequate knowledge, necessary skills and reasonable attitudes which are required for carrying out all activities appropriate to general dental practice involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues. The graduate also should understand the concept of community oral health education and be able to participate in the rural health care delivery programmes existing in the country. The goal of our program is to develop junior dentist who possess attributes that will ensure that they are initially competent to practice safely and effectively, and that they have appropriate foundation for lifelong learning and for further training in any branch of dentistry. 1-Goals of the curriculum: The goals of the curriculum are to: - Develop self directed learners who will continuously develop as caring dentist during graduate training and practice. - Enable students to acquire a strong foundation in the basic medical science and in dental science. - Foster in students the development of the skills necessary for the competent practice of dentistry through out their professional careers. - Be flexible in meeting the needs of the individual student, by using a variety of learning strategies and formats. 2-Objectives of the curriculum:  General objectives:  To provide our graduate with full knowledge in human basic medical sciences& preclinical medical sciences , that widen his scoop& encourage him to joint specialties  •To develop outstanding clinical, research and teaching professionals committed to lifelong learning.  • To discover, disseminate and apply knowledge in the oral health sciences.  • To provide and promote excellent patient care and community service.  To graduate efficient dentist able to give general & special dental services up to date.  • To foster an environment that promotes communication, collaboration, cultural diversity, and internationalization.  Specific Objectives:  To gain full knowledge about basic medical sciences  To be able to integrate the structures functions & reactions  To gain knowledge about infections & pathogenesis of diseases  To identify the various types, uses & mechanism of action of drugs & medications  To know the different types of the materials used in dentistry & how to apply them  To develop dental skills through training on simulators  To know how to conduct research & to provide oral health preventive measures  to recognize clinical and radiographic manifestations, associated laboratory findings and microscopic features of oral disease.  To make the integration between oral health and the overall health.  To know how to practice dental treatment based on sound scientific knowledge  To understand the etiology, epidemiology, differential diagnosis & diagnosis for prevention, treatment and prognosis of oral and oral related disorders  Learn advanced dental techniques & be aware of innovations in dentistry .  To handle, manage and treat the case according to his clinical needs to develop the ability of the graduate for oral rehabilitation based on integration between the general medical & orofacial knowledge.  To develop interest in a special field, resulting in the completion of a research project Curriculum Model: • the curriculum model is spiral *The curriculums were designed to be shared with the medical student and other medical specialties. Studying together basic science, basic medical science& para-clinical sciences, this full dose will provide the student with intensive, integrate knowledge about human body as an integrated unit, which create a good media for exchange of informations and learn joint team work to solve problems. As well as this dose will encourage the graduate to proceed confidently in his high career and double qualifications. On the other hand it is economical for the university to make use of the shared recourses to the maximum * In dental clinical aspect an interdisciplinary training will be followed during the clinical training plus pure intensive full treatment of patients during the last semester Phases and Educational Units: The program will be covered in four phases. In phase I (Basic science & basic medical sciences), basic sciences will be studied ( General Chemistry, Medical physics, Computer science, Medical Statistics, Behavioral Sciences & Research Methodology) & Ethics & Legal Aspects of Medical Practice will be covered. Beside, Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry and Basic Pharmacology will be covered. These will form the scientific foundation for the study of Dentistry. The University requirements ( English Language, Arabic Language & Islamic Studies) will also be covered in this phase. In phase II (Paramedical Sciences & Preclinical Dental Skills) Pathology, Microbiology, Ethical codes & communication Skills, Cardiology, Preclinical Dental Skills, Biomaterial Sciences, Dental Morphology, Oral Histology & Embryology, Molecular Biology, Community Dentistry, Oral Pathology , General Medicine, General Surgery, Pharmacology, Operative Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontology, Paedodontology, Prosthodontic, Orthodontic will be covered. In phase III Clinical Skills included Operative Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontology, Paedodontology, Prosthodontic, Orthodontic & Paedodontic will be covered. In phase IV Integrated Dental Clinical Practice & in this phase Intensive Clinical Training will be conducted. Phase I: Basic Science & Basic Medical Sciences( Semester I,II,II1&IV): Introduction to medicine& dentistry Medical physics &chemistry Ethics & legal aspects of medical practice Behavioral Science Medical Statistics & introduction to community medicine Research Methodology Anatomy Physiology Biochemistry Phase II: Paramedical Sciences & Preclinical Dental Skills (Semester V.VI.) Pathology Microbiology Ethical codes & communication Skills Cardiology Preclinical Restorative Skills = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown & Bridge & Prosthodontic) Biomaterial Sciences (Conservative + Prothodontic) Dental Anatomy = (Dental Morphology +Oral Histology & Embryology) Molecular Biology (Semester VII) Community Dentistry = (Dental Public Health+ Biostatistic) Oral Pathology General Medicine General Surgery Pharmacology Operative dentistry = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown &Bridge) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Periodontology Paedodontology Prosthodontic Orthodontic Phase III Clinical Skills: (Semester VIII,IX,X): Operative dentistry = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown &Bridge) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery+ Radiology + Oral Medicine Periodontology Paedodontology Prosthodontic Orthodontic Paedodontic Phase IV Integrated Dental Clinical Practice: (Semester XI) During this phase Intensive Clinical Training will be conducted, students will treat different cases, the cases will be more complicated than those at the previous semesters, and follow up of the patient should be carried out for a suitable period of time to document the result of the treatment, cooperation of the patient to apply the oral hygiene instructions and the prognosis of the treatment. The Degree Plan Introduction: Each instructional component which is identifiable and assessable is an Educational Unit (EU). Some of the EUs can be subdivided into small courses that are covered in more than one semester. They will be given different codes. Such units will have an inclusive comprehensive exam after all the courses are finished. Each course will have an examination at its end The curriculum is distributed through 12 semesters Following year assessment program The first 6 semesters for Basic medical& Para- medical sciences The remaining 6 semesters for preclinical& clinical subjects . The credit hours of any component are calculated to reflect the number of contact hours for the various activities using the following formulation. 1 credit hour = 1 credit hour per week for 15 weeks (a Semester) Lectures: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Practical: 2 contact hours = 1 credit hour Clinical sessions: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Tutorial sessions: 2 contact hour = 1 credit hour Seminars: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Phase 1: Basic science & Basic Medical Science: Semester 1: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Introduction to medicine& dentistry IMD&DEN101 2 0 2 Medical physics PYS 101 2 3 3 General Chemistry GCHEM101 1 2 2 Cell and human biology 3 3 4 Statistics 2 0 2 Islamic studies AIs101 1 0 1 Arabic language AArb101 1 0 1 Sudanese culture 1 0 1 English Language AEng101 1 0 1 Computer Science COMPsc101 1 4 3 Total 15 6 20 Semester 11: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy 1 MAntT102 3 3 4 Physiology 1 MPhys 102 3 3 4 Biochemistry1 MBio102 3 3 4 English Language2 MEngl102 2 0 2 Computer Science SCs102 2 4 3 Total 13 13 17 Semester 111: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy2 MAnat201 4 4 6 Physiology2 MPhys201 4 4 6 Biochemistry2 MBio201 4 4 6 Neuro- anatomy 2 2 3 Total 14 14 21 Semester 1V: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy3 MAnat202 2 4 4 Physiology3 MPhys202 2 4 4 Biochemistry3 MBio202 2 4 4 Biomaterial 3 0 3 Oral biology 2 3 3 Total 11 15 18 Semester V: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Pathology1 MPath301 3 3 4 Microbiology1 MMicr301 3 3 4 Pharmacology1 MPhaR301 3 0 3 Dental anatomy DAnat 2 3 3 Preclinical Restorative Skills 4 6 6 Total 15 15 20 Semester V1: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Pathology2 MPat302 2 2 3 Microbiology2 MMicr302 3 3 4 Pharmacology2 MPhaR302 3 0 3 Pre-clinical restorative dental skills PCRestD301 2 6 3 Biostatistics 2 3 medical ethics 1 0 1 Total 15 11 17 Semester V11: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Community Dentistry DCom701 2 2 3 Oral Pathology DPath701 2 3 3 General medicine GMed701 2 1 2 Preclinical periodontology PCPerio701 1 1 2 Pre-clinical OM.F Surgery PCDSurg701 2 3 2 Clinical Coservation CONS701 2 4 3 clinical Prothodontic PROTH701 2 4 3 Preclinical orthodontics PCORTHO701 1 2 2 Preclinical peadodontic 1 2 2 General surgery GSURG701 2 - 2 Total 16 22 24 Semester V111: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Community Dentistry DCom802 2 4 3 Oral Pathology DPath802 2 4 3 clinical paedontic DCPaedo801 1 3 2 General medicine GMed802 2 1 3 clinical OM.F Surgery PCDSurg802 1 4 2 Clinical Periodontology Perio802 1 3 2 Clinical orthodontic Ortho802 1 2 2 clinical Conservation Cons 802 1 3 2 clinical Prosthodontic PROSTH802 1 3 2 General surgery GSurg 802 2 3 3 Total 14 30 24 Semester 1X: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Oral&M.F.Surgery DSURG903 2 4 3 Crown& bridge Cr&BrG903 1 3 2 Conservation Endod903 2 4 3 Periodontics Perio903 2 4 3 Prosthodontics Prosth903 2 4 3 Paedodontics PAEDO 2 4 3 orthodontics ORTHO902 1 3 3 Total 11 23 20 Semester X: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Oral&M.F.Surgery DSurg1004 2 4 3 Crown& bridge Cr&Br1002 2 4 2 Conservation Cons1004 2 4 3 Periodontics Perio1004 2 4 3 Prothodontics Prosts1004 2 4 3 Paedodontics. Paedo&Ortho1004 1 3 3 orthodontics 1 3 3 Total 12 26 20 Total =200 Teaching & Learning Strategy: Philosophy: For the Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Alneelain University to graduate competent practitioners which are knowledgeable, skillful & dutiful and have good ethics, the Faculty decided to make a curriculum that is cover all the fields of dentistry associated with full clinical training followed by intensive clinical training course & research project. Learning Situations: A multitude of learning situations will be utilized with emphasis on the situations that give the student ownership and control of learning situations. The learning situations will include: 1- Lectures 2- Practical sessions 3- Tutorials 4- Seminars 5- Clinical session 6- Clinical raining 7- E-learning Learning Approaches- The learning approaches should be based on the trend stated in the philosophy. The main approaches are: 1- Learning: which is expected to help in the development of the congestive skills, like critical thinking, decision making & problem solving 2- Integration between preclinical studies & clinical experience. Resources: The following learning recourses are going to be made available for the students: 1- A library with the recommended text books & periodical in the various disciplines of Dentistry. 2- A computer lab with a digital library containing books. CDs, multimedia resources and an internet connection to the relevant online resources. 3- Laboratories including clinical skill labs 4- Clinical teaching Course Objectives and Contents: Assessment and Evaluation Strategy: Evaluation of the Curriculum: Evaluation of Students: ● Students are evaluated in cognitive, affective, psychomotor domains in all courses with an emphasis on formative evaluation through out the course to provide frequent feed back to the student. Examinations and quizzes are coordinated in all components. Letter grading is used in all courses; written and narrative evaluation of students is provided where appropriate. Students are evaluated individually against curriculum standard and could be ranked. Evaluation and Grading: ●Assessment: Examination on all domains of learning are conducted through out the year employing both formative and summative type of assessment types. Although the formative types are meant for diagnosis & feed back, a percentage not exceeding 20% of the final mark can be calculated for these tests and considered as form of a continuous assessment. ● Calculation of grades: Grades are going to be calculated based on a preset scale provided that examinations are adjusted in a way that guarantees that a minimally competent student pass all tests & that the interpretation of results are there for criterion referenced. ●Grading scale: We use a five-point grading scale according to the following table: Score Range Letter Grade Interpretation More than 80 A Excellent 70-80 B Very Good 60-70 C Good 50-60 D Pass Less than 50 F Fail Passing any educational unit requires that one obtains an overall scaled score of at least 50%. General Anatomy for DENTAL student 1.Course Objectives 1. Know the major anatomical structures of the human body and their primary functions. 2. Be able to recognize important clinical structures and landmarks on various radiographic images including CT, MR and X-ray images, in all planes. 3. Be able to recognize and/or palpate, based on an understanding of surface anatomy, various anatomical structures, both superficial and deep. 4. Be able to make reasonable predictions of the clinical manifestation of injury or disease to anatomic structures. 5. Be able to relate anatomic structures to clinical diagnostic procedures and treatment approaches 2. Courses Contents: 3- Gross Anatomy: 3.1 THORACIC REGION 3.1.a-Region Objectives: By the end of this region the student should be able to 1- Identify the different component of the bony thorax 2- The important relations and the anatomical land marks of thoracic cage 3- The respiratory system& pleural sac 4- The mediastenal contents 5- The cardiovascular system& the great vessels 3.1.bContents Time a located during the week Topics Time for Theory Practical time tutorial a-Introduction and terminology related to the anatomy and topographic anatomy 2hours 3 hours 2hours b- Surface antomy of the thorax 2hours 3 hours 2hours c- Thoracic cage and its articulations. 2hours 3 hours 2hours d- Thoracic wall and surface anatomy. 2hours 3 hours 2hours e- Thoracic cavity, plura and lungs. 2hours 3 hours 2hours f-mediastinium ,pericardium 2hours 3 hours 2hours g- middle mediastemum & heart 2hours 3hours 2hours h- cardiovascular anatomy( great vessels& blood supply of the heart) 2hours 3hours 2hours i- cardiovascular anatomy( conducting system of the heart) 2hours 3 hours 2hours j- posterior mediastenum contents 2hours 3hours 2hours 3.2 Applied Gross Anatomy of Abdomen, Pelvis for dental student 3.2. a-Objectives of this regions: The student should be able to: 1-identify the regional anatomical land mark 2- Deal with these parts of the human body during general body examination 3- Deal with emergences and patient right refer 3.2.b- contents Applied Gross Anatomy Abdomen& Pelvic regions Topics theory Pract.& tutorial a-Anterior abdominal wall and surface anatomy of the internal organs. 2 hour 3 hours b-Clinical application and hernias. 1 hour 3 hours c- Anatomy of the GIT & Porto systemic Anastomosis. 1 hour 3 hours d- The anatomical land marks of bony pelvis & iliac crest 1 hour 3 hours e-Identification of urinary and reproductive systems. 1 hour 3 hours 3.3- Applied Gross anatomy of the Limbs: 3.3. a- Objective The dental student needs this course to a-relate between the different parts of the body b- Identify& use correctly the peripheral superficial veins in investigations& managements c- Communicate scientifically with medical colleges d- be able to deal with emergencies 3.3. b- contents Topics theory Practical& tutorial a Appendicular skeleton & the names of the joints. 2 hours 3 hours b Brachial blexus, shoulder region & axilla. 2 hours 3 hours c Cubital fossa and superficial veins variation. 2 hours 3 hours d Glutial region and the thigh. 2 hours 3 hours e Knee joint , populated fossa& -Leg and foot 1hours 3 hours f Common fractures of the limbs & nerves injures 1 hours 3 hours 3.4. Gross Anatomy of the head & neck 3.4. a- Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1-Identify the bones of the skull& cervical vertebrae. 2- Locate the cranial& facial exits and describe the structures& function of the structures passing through 3-Locate the origin and insertion and describe the action of the muscles of the head and neck. 4- Describe the venous and arterial blood supply to the structures of the head and neck. 5-Explain the relationship of the autonomic nervous system to the head and neck. 6-Locate and identify the glandular tissues and associated structures in the head and neck. 7-Describe the location and function of the lymphatic system of the head and neck. 8-Trace the routes of infection of the orofacial region. 9-Describe the injection penetration sites for dental local anesthesia. 10-Describe the anatomy , functioning& common disorders of the temporomandibular joint. 3.4.b- Contents - topics theory practical tutorial 1-Oestology of the skull and facial skeleton 1 2 hours 3 hours 2hours 2- Oestology of the skull and facial skeleton 1 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 3-The spine, cervical vertebrae and surface markings. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 4-Cervical fascia& Fascial spaces . 2 hours 3 hours 2hours 5-Scalp and head injuries. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 6- cutaneous innervation of the face& distribution of trigeminal nerve 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 7- blood supply of the face & dangerous trigone 2hours 3 hours 2 hours 8- muscles of facial expression 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 9- posterior triangle of the neck& cervical plexus 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 10- anterior triangle of the neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 11- Carotid sheath 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 12- sub-occipital region& back of the neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 13- Median viscera of the neck& thyroid gland 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 14- Infratemporal fossa 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 15- Pterygopalatine fossa 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 16- Cranial cavity& dural sinuses 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 17- Nasal cavity and Para nasal sinuses. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 18- Oral cavity 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 19- Salivary Glands 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 20- Muscles of mastication and TMJ. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 21-Pharynx 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 22-Larynx. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 23-Root of the neck& Pre vertebral region 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 24-Orbit. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 25-Ear 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 26- Lymphatic Drainage of head& neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 4. Neuroanatomy 4.1- Objectives: By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1- know the general organization of the nervous system 2-Identify the different components of the nervous system 3-The pathways and gaits of forth& back messages through the nervous system 4- The circulations through& around the nervous system and the clinical problem correlate to them 3- Correlate between the different connections, anatomical location and neurological activities of the different parts of the nervous system 4- Identify the main neurological disturbances& the neurological defect lead to them. 4.2 Course contents Topics theory Pract.& tutorials 1- Introduction to neuroanatomy. 2hour 2hour 2- topography of the brain& meninges . 2hour 3hour 3- Cerebral cortex, Lobes and cortical areas . 2hour 3hour 4-Basal ganglia and thalamus 2hour 3 hours 4- Organization& external feature of the brain stem and its locations. 2hour 3hour 5- Internal features of brain stem. 2hour 2hour 6- Topography of the spinal cord and its segmentations 2hour 3hour 7-Internal features of spinal cord. 2hour 8-Tractology. 2hour 9-Limb system.& Reticular formation 2hour 2hour 10-CSF circulation & ventricular system. 2hour 2hour 11-Blood supply of the nervous system& dural venous sinuses . 2hour 3 hours 5. EMBRYOLOGY . 5.1. Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to 1- know about the gametes& gamitogenesis 2- know about normal fertilization& in virtro fertilization 3- know the normal site of implantation & ectopic pregnancy 4- know the derivatives of the germinal layers 5- know the fetal developmental stages& full term baby 6- fetal membranes & placenta 7- know the process of development craniofacial region, cardiovascular region& their associate developmental defects 8- know the process of development of the oral cavity& orofacial clefts 5.2 Course Contents Topics theory 1-Primordial germinal cells gonads differentiation& Gamete formation, 2 hours 1- Introduction to genetics& chromosomal abnormalities 2 hours 3-Menstruation& ovulation 2 hours 4- fertilization, implantation and ectopic pregnancy. 2 hours 5-Bilaminar germ disc 2 hours 6-Derivatives of the germinal layers 2 hours 7-Morphological changes in the human body during intrauterine life. 2 hours 8-Fetal membranes& Placenta 2 hours 9-Twins pregnancy& Siamese twins 2 hours 10-Development of CNS 2 hours 11-Development of the cranium& facial skeleton 1 2 hours 12-Development of the cranium& facial skeleton 2 2 hours 13-Development of cardiovascular system . 2 hours 14- Craniofacial& cardiovascular defects 2 hours 15-Pharyngeal arches and orofacial development 2 hours 16-Development of the head& neck 2 hours 17-Development of the respiratory system & upper gut 2 hours 6.HUMAN HISTOLOGY 6.1. Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1- know the different parts of the light microscope& how to use the microscopic 2- know about the different histological techniques and slide preparations 3- identify the micrscopical picture of the different body tissues 4- identify the functional & histological changes of the tissues under the microscope 6.2 Contents Topic Theoretical hours Pract.& tutorial 1-The Body’s Microscopic Organization 2hours 2hours 2-. Cytology, recognize parts of the typical cell and describe their 2hours 2hours 3- Cell mitosis.& chromosomes 2hours 2hours 4-Classify tissues and list their functions. 2hours 2hours 5- The epithelial tissues. 2hours 2hours 6- Classify the epithelia. 2hours 2hours 7-Describe types of membranes. 2hours 2hours 8-Types of glands.& endocrine system 2hours 2hours 9-Connective tissues and their functions. 2hours 2hours 10-The types of connective tissue propers. 2hours 2hours 11-The supporting connective tissues. 2hours 2hours 12-The specialized connective tissue B blood. 2hours 2hours 13- The muscular tissues. 2hours 2hours 14- The nervous tissues. 2hours 2hours 15- The lymphoid tissue. 2hours 2hours 16- .The special sense organs 2hours 2hours 17- Histology of the salivary glands 2hours 2hours 18- Histology of the respiratory system 2hours 2hours 19- Histology of the cardiovascular system 2hours 2hours 20 – Histology of the digestive systm 2hours 2hours 7-Recommended Books: Clinical anatomy for medical students. Richard Snell - by regions. Last anatomy Clinical anatomy – Kiss Moore. Human development. – Moore. Anatomy for dental student - Moore Basic histology. Functional histology. Gray's anatomy -------( as reference) 8- Methods of teaching: 8.1- Lectures. 8.2- Dissection of human body (cadaver) & demonstration of anatomical specimens of cadavers. 8.3- Slides show. 8.4- Tutorials on topics focusing on clinical application. 8.5- Discussion groups tutors review. 8.6-seminars 9-Evaluation& assessment : 9.1MSQS single best answer 2 papers A. Paper I -100 MCQs gross antatomy B.Paper II- 20 MCQs applied surgical anatomy . 9.2. Continuous assessment . 9.3. OSPE 9.4. Oral examination Biochemistry and Nutrition Objectives At the end of the course the student would be able to acquire a useful core of information, and should know 1. the structure of cholesterol and why it cannot be carried free in plasma. 2. why amylase will not hydrolyse cellulose. 3. haemoglobin is globular and keratin is fibrous. 4. mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Should know more than 90 % of ATP is formed by this process. 5. hydrochloric acid cannot break a peptide bond at room temperature. 6. the steps of glycogenesis. 7. the basis of increase of urea and creatininein blood in renal insufficiency. 8- the structure of insulin. Should know why insulin level in circulation is normal in most cases of maturity onset diabetes. 9. the structure of ATP and energy needs. 10. the mechanism of action of prolylhydroxylase. 11. the structure of Vitamin K and basis of bleeding arising due to its deficiency starvation1. CHEMISTRY OF BIOORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification. Monosaccharides - Isomerism, anomerism. Sugar derivatives, Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Structures of starchand glycogen. Lipids : Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction tocompound lipids. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle. Bimolecular leaflet. Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids: Classification. Introduction to peptides. Proteins : Simple and conjugated; globular and fibrous. Charge properties. Buffer action . Introduction to protein conformation . Denaturation. Nucleic acids: Building units . Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA. 2. High energy compounds: ATP , Phosphorylamidines, Thiolesters, Enol phosphates. Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary lipids, essential fatty acids. Nitrogen balance. Essential amino acids. Protein quality and requirement (methods for evaluation of protein quality to be excluded). Protein calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of monosaccharides. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake of amino acids. 3. MICRONUTRIENTS Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms. Brief account of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions. Vitamins A functions including visual process. Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. Vitamin K and gamma carboxylation. Introduction to antivitamins and hypervitaminosis. Minerals :Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion, function. Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport. Heme and nonheme iron functions; deficiency. Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of thyroxine. Fluoride: function, deficiency and excess. Indications of role of other minerals. 4. ENERGY METABOLISM Overview: Outlines of glycolysis,pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphyorylation. Ketone body formation and utilisation. Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis. Lactate metabolism . Protein utilisation for energy. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Integration of metabolism. 5. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid. Outlines of cholesterol synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea formation. Phosphocreatine formation. Transmethylation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon transfer. Detoxication : Typical reactions. Examples of toxic compounds. Oxygen toxicity Biochemistry II Contents BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA as genetic material. Introduction to replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA. Genetic code and mutation. Outline of translation process.Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription and translation. Introduction to cancer, viruses and oncogenes. 7. ENZYME AND METABOLIC REGULATION Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme inhibitors, proenzyme and isoenzymes. Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by induction/repression. Overview of hormones. Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol triphosphate. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief. Acid base regulation. Electrolyte balance. 8. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND BLOOD PROTEINS Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans. Bone structure. Structure of membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis. Introduction to cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief. Haemoglobin: functions. Introduction to heme synthesis and degradation. Plasma proteins: classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief account of immunoglobulins. Plasma lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover. 9. MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Regulation of blood glucose.Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of glycemic status. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical evaluation. Hyperlipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver function tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney function tests and gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation. Gout. Examples ofgenetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, glycogen storage disorders, glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, inborn errorsof amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy ( one or two examples with biochemical basis will be adequate). Serum enzymes in diagnosis. TEXT& REFERENCE BOOKS: 1- Concise text book of Biochemistry (3rd edition) 2001, T.N. Pattabiraman 2.Nutritional Biochemistry 1995,S. Ramakrishnan and S.V. Rao 3.Text book of Biochemistrywith clinical correlations 1997, T.N. Devlin 4.Harper’s Biochemistry, 1996., R.K. Murray et.al 5.Basic and applied Dental Biochemistry, 1979, R.A.D. Williams & J.C.Elliot PHYSIOLOGY CURRICULUM FOR DENTAL STUDENTS SEMESTER (2, 3, 4 138hours) A- Course Overview: The course in human physiology aims to provide students with essential knowledge and comprehensive background of the normal body functions, which will enable them to understand abnormal changes due to diseases. The course emphasis the mechanisms which control the various organs and systems and their integration with each other. Through knowledge of human physiology is one and the basic requirements for intelligent clinical practice and prevention of disease. B- General Objectives of the Physiology Courses: On completion of the course in physiology the student will: 1- Apply the basic principles of physiology to clinical problems so as to explain the symptoms and signs of disease. 2- Endeavor to apply physiological knowledge and skills to solve clinical or community health problems. 3- Develop independent study habits so as to continue to learn physiology and other medical sciences on his own. 4- Integrate the facts and concepts of physiology in order to explain the rationale of management procedures. 5- Master preliminary laboratory skills and bedside techniques commonly encountered in clinical practice. INTRODUCTION: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to:- 1. Describe the functional relationships between various organ systems of the body. 2. Explain in outlines the importance of a stable environment (homeostasis) to normal human health and the role of the nervous system and endocrine glands in this regard 3. Describe body composition and in particular the distribution and composition of body fluids. 4. Define feedback mechanisms and identified the various components of control system. 5. Describe the functional organization of the autonomic nervous system and its chemical transmitters. 6. Enumerate the functions and describes the investigation of the various parts of autonomic nervous system. 7. Describe the mechanism of temperature regulation and energy metabolism. 8. Describe the functional regulation of cell membrane, transport across cell, electrical properties of resting and excitable membrane. 9. Outline the different functions of skin , the basis of skin pigmentation to relate these functions to its structure. Contents: Lectures: (20 hours) 1) Homeostasis. 2) Composition of the body. 3) Body fluids, compartments volume and composition. 4) Control of total body water. 5) Exchange of fluid between various fluids compartments. 6) Regulation of body temperature and energy metabolism, metabolic rate & BMR. 7) Cell membrane physiology and electrophysiology. 8) Autonomic nervous system. 9) Functions of skin and functional structural relationship and the basis of pigmentation. Practical: 1) Units and concentrations (problems). 2) Hospital visits in relevant body fluid, and their disturbances. 3) Demonstration of autonomic function. 4) Clinical thermometer and measurement of body temperature. 5) Assessment of the environmental temperatures. 6) A problem on temperature regulation. 7) Basal metabolic rate & metabolic rate. BLOOD: Objectives: At the end of this course the student should be able to describe: 1) Blood constituents and plasma proteins and their functions. 2) Production and functions of the red blood cells. 3) Structure and function of hemoglobin. 4) Breakdown of red blood cells and the rate of hemoglobin. 5) Disorders of abnormal production and breakdown of red blood cells and hemoglobin. 6) Function of white blood cells and mechanisms of immunity. 7) Basis of blood grouping systems and their medical importance. 8) The mechanisms of hemostasis and its importance in clinical practice 9) Disorders of hemostatitic mechanisms Contents: Lectures: (18 hours) 1) Blood composition. 2) Plasma and its proteins. 3) Bone marrow. 4) Red blood cells production. 5) Dietary factors required for normal erythropoesis. 6) Hemoglobin structure and formation. 7) Haemoglobinopathies. 8) Anaemias. 9) White blood cells types, morphology and functions. 10) The immune system, immunization, and basis of autoimmune diseases and tissue transplantation. 11) Blood groups. 12) Blood transfusion. 13) Platelets. 14) Haemostasis and its abnormalities. Practical: 1) Methods of collection of blood samples 2) Hemoglobin estimation. 3) Packed cell volume. 4) Red blood cells count. 5) Derived blood indices. 6) Reticulocyte count. 7) Red blood cells fragility. 8) Differential white blood cells count. 9) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 10) Blood groups. 11) Visit to the blood bank 12) Haemostasis. Cardio-Vascular System: Objectives: At the end of the module the student should be able to: 1) Explain the functional characteristics of the cardiac muscle proper and conducting system. 2) Describe the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle. 3) Describe the events in the cardiac cycle and their sequence and heart sounds. 4) Draw the volume pressure relationship curve of the ventricles and explain it’s different components. 5) Define cardiac output explain how it is measured and describe the factors which regulate it. 6) Describe the factors involved in the regulation of the arterial blood pressure. 7) Describe the pathophysiological changes in right and left ventricular failure. 8) Identify the various waves in ECG, intervals and segments, and outline their significance in health and disease. 9) Explain the common arrhythmias and how they can be diagnosed. 10) Describe Cardio-vascular responses to muscular exercise. 11) Describe coronary circulation. A) Lectures (16 hours) 1) Functional characteristics of the cardiac muscle. 2) Electrophysiology of the cardiac muscle. 3) The cardiac cycle and volume-pressure relationship. 4) Cardiac output definition, measurement and regulation. 5) Factors affecting heart rate and stroke volume. 6) Arterial blood pressure, definitions and regulation including, baroreceptor, and chemoreceptor reflexes and peripheral resistance. 7) Pathophysiology of heart failure. 8) Electrocardiographs and arrhythmias. 9) C.V. responses to muscular exercise. 10) Coronary circulation. B) Practical: 1) Automicity and conductivity of the frog’s heart. 2) Properties of the mammalian heart. 3) Clinical examination of the C.V.S. 4) Measurement of arterial blood pressure and pulse rate. 5) E.C.G. C) Video films. a) Electrical and mechanical events in the heart. b) Control of the C.V.S. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Objectives:- At the end of these units the student will be able to describe: 1) Gas properties. 2) Mechanics of respiration. 3) Pulmonary circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. 4) Transport of O2, Co2 in the blood and gas exchange at the lung and tissues. 5) Control of respiration. 6) Effect of exercise on respiration. 7) Some respiratory abnormalities. 8) Hypoxia. 9) Hypercapnia, hypocapnia. 10) Respiratory alkalosis & acidosis. Lectures: (12 hours) 1) Gas properties. 2) Functional anatomy of the lung. 3) Mechanisms of the respiration Ventilation; lung volumes and capacities, surface tension and surfactant, compliance and work of breathing, lung function tests 4) Pulmonary circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. 5) Gas exchange in the lung: Fick's law of diffusion, diffusion capacity 6) Pulmonary circulation &ventilation perfusion ratio 7) Gas transport in blood; oxygen transport,, oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve and carbon dioxide transport in blood 8) Control of ventilation; chemical control of ventilation, neural control of ventilation and cough reflex 9) Exercise & respiration. 10) Hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypocapnia and cyanosis 11) Respiratory, acid base disturbances. Practical:- 1) Clinical examination of respiratory system & lungs. 2) Lung volume & capacities. 3) Airway resistance FEV, FVC, PEFR. 4) Breathe holding experiment and control of respiration. 5) Effects of exercise. GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to describe: 1) Gastrointestinal secretions: salivary, stomach, pancreatic, small & large intestine. (Composition, functions, mechanism and control of secretion). 2) Swallowing and motility patterns in the GIT & their role in mixing and propulsion of food as well as in defecation. 3) Absorption in the GIT and the abnormalities related to malabsorption. 4) Pancreatic and liver functions, bile formation, functions & control of secretion. 5) Gastrointestinal hormones and their role in secretion and motility in the GIT. Lectures (12 hours) 1) Secretions: salivary, gastric, pancreatic, small intestinal, large intestinal. 2) Control mechanisms of secretion. 3) Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate, protein & fat. 4) Motility: including oropharyngeal motility, gastric emptying, vomiting, small and large intestinal motility and defecation. 5) Hepatic functions bile formation, function and control of secretion. 6) GIT hormones. Practical: 1) Effects of drugs and ions on the motility of an isolated mammalian intestine RENAL SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to: 1) Describe the structural functional relationship of the kidney. 2) Correlate renal blood flow to renal functions. 3) Describe the mechanism of glomerular filtration, factors that determine it and factors that affect it. 4) Describe the concept of clearance and its use in measuring GFR, RPF and in assessing renal functions in disease. 5) Describe the mechanism of tubular re-absorption and secretion and the ability to form dilute and concentrated urine. 6) Outline the role of the kidney in homeostasis i.e. regulation of ECF volumes, electrolyte balance, osmolality, PH and blood pressure. 7) Explain the endocrine functions of the kidney. 8) Describe the composition of urine and some of the important changes, which occur in diseases. 9) Describe the act of micturation and pathophysiology of its common disturbance. Contents: Lectures: (12 hours) 1) Structural functional relationship in the kidney and its functions. 2) Renal blood flow. 3) Glomerular filtration. 4) Clearance; significance and clinical application. 5) Tubular functions. 6) Concentration of urine. 7) Role of kidney on regulation of ECF volume and osmolarity and electrolyte concentration. 8) pH regulation and role of kidney in acid base balance in normal state and major disturbances. 9) Role of the kidney in endocrine regulation. 10) Assessment of renal functions. 11) Micturition. Practical: 1) Measurement of GFR 2) Diueresis. 3) Clearance. 4) Problem on renal failure. 5) Problem on acid base disturbances. ENDOCRINOLGY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to describe: 1) The general features of endocrine control, mechanism of action of hormones and receptors. 2) The synthesis; secretion; transport; mechanism of action of the hormones secreted by the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas and parathyroid glands. 3) Outline the physiology of sex differentiation, puberty and menopause. 4) The menstrual cycle and its control. 5) Spermatogenesis and endocrine control of male reproductive functions. 6) The physiological changes during pregnancy and mechanism of parturition. 7) Outline the initiation and maintenance of lactation. Lectures: (24 hours) Contents: 1) Anterior pituitary development and structure; hypothalamic hypophyseal tracts and neurosecretion; action of the trophic hormones prolactin and growth hormones with common abnormalities, Sheehan’s syndrome, hypo ad hyperactivity. 2) Posterior pituitary development and microstructure; antidiuretic hormone actions and regulation of secretion. Diabetes insipidus, Oxytocin and regulation of secretion. 3) Adrenal cortex hormones action and control; hyper and hypoactivity. 4) Thyroid hormones synthesis control and actions Pathophysiology of goiter thyrotoxicosis ,hypo and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function tests. 5) Bone physiology ,calcium and phosphorous homeostasis and their hormonal regulation. Disorders of bone formation and calcium homeostasis. 6) Pancreatic hormones control and action; regulation of blood glucose; glucose tolerance test, diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. 7) Sex differentiation-puberty. 8) Spermatogenesis and endocrine function of testes and its control. 9) Menstrual cycle and its endocrine control. 10) Pregnancy and placental functions. 11) Lactation. Practical:- 1) Clinical demonstration of endocrine abnormalities. 2) Problems on thytoxicosis and hypothyroidism. 3) Video tape on Cushing, Acromegaly, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. 4) Pregnancy test. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Objectives: The student at the end of this unit will be able to: 1) Outline the topography of the brain and its meanings and blood supply. 2) Outline the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. 3) Describe the synaptic connection and transmission. 4) Describe the resting membrane potential, action potential, nerve conduction and their ionic basis. 5) Describe the molecular basis and mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. 6) Describe the mechanism involved in reception, transmission, coding and perception of somatic and special sensation. 7) Describe the initiation and control of voluntary reflex movement, and posture. 8) Describe the basic functions of the vestibular apparatus and cerebellum and basal ganglia. 9) Describe the functions of the hypothalamus and the integration of neural, hormonal and visceral functions. 10) Describe the higher functions of brain. 11) Describe the physiological basis of sleep and the electroencephalogram. Contents: Lectures (24) 1) Introduction to neuroscience. 2) Resting membrane potential, action potential and nerve conduction. 3) Synaptic transmission. 4) Neuromuscular junction. 5) Molecular basis of muscle contraction and types of contraction. 6) Sensory modalities. Receptor and mechanism of their coding. Pathway of pain, orofacial pain, pain control, abnormal pain . 7) Physiology of temperature, touch, pressure and proprioceptive sensations. 8) Functional interaction at spinal cord level. 9) Reflexes. 10) Brain stem. 11) Cerebellum: Functional organization. Input and output system. Functions of cerebellum and its clinical abnormalities. 12) Basal ganglia:Functions of basal ganglia, clinical syndromes resulting from damage to basal ganglia. 13) Diencephalon:Subdivision, brief consideration of the thalamus and hypothalamus. 14) Control of muscle tone and body posture. 15) Cerebrum:Motor mechanisms (motor areas of cortex & pathways, effect of lesions, role of cerebrum in skilled motor patterns, initiation of voluntary motor activity). 16) Limbic system. 17) Reticular activating system. 18) Memory, learning, consciousness, sleep. 19) Physiology of hearing. 20) Vision physiology, abnormalities, and visual evoked responses. 21) Smell and taste. 22) The electroencephalogram (EEG). Practical: 1) Nerve & muscle preparation & single muscle twitch. 2) Effect of strength variation, summation, genesis of tetanus and fatigue. 3) Measurement of nerve conduction and EMG. 4) Reflexes. 5) Clinical examination of sensory and motor systems. 6) Vision. 7) Auditory system. 8) Taste. 9) EEG. Contents 1- Mission Statement 2- Vision Statement 3- Outcomes expected of Alneelain graduates 4- Educational Goals & Objectives -Introduction -Goals of the curriculum -Objectives of the curriculum 5- Phases & Educational Units 6- The Degree Plan 7- Teaching & learning Strategy - Philosophy - Learning Situations - Learning Approaches - Resources 8- Course Objectives - General Objectives - Specific Objectives 9- Assessment & Evaluation Strategy -Evaluation of the curriculum - Evaluation of the students - Evaluation & Grading Mission Statement: The mission of the School of Dentistry is to achieve excellence in the medical science, and dental art& science through teaching, research, and practice Vision Statement: The vision of our School is to be an internationally recognized dental school known for an innovative educational program, provide the graduate with wide range of scientific knowledge, giving him confidence to proceed as good scientist& researcher, with superior skills to offer highest degree of service. Out Comes Expected of Alneelain University Graduates 1- To graduate a scientifically knowledgeable, biologically oriented, technically competent and socially sensitive dental practitioner 2 - The highest standards of professional conduct, ethics and function effectively as a member of the health care delivery system. 3- -To be competent in the prevention, diagnosis and care of patients’ oro-facial conditions that affect overall health and patient well-being. 4- Life long learning Curriculum Goals and Objectives Introduction: The programme is designed to graduate dentist who will have adequate knowledge, necessary skills and reasonable attitudes which are required for carrying out all activities appropriate to general dental practice involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues. The graduate also should understand the concept of community oral health education and be able to participate in the rural health care delivery programmes existing in the country. The goal of our program is to develop junior dentist who possess attributes that will ensure that they are initially competent to practice safely and effectively, and that they have appropriate foundation for lifelong learning and for further training in any branch of dentistry. 1-Goals of the curriculum: The goals of the curriculum are to: - Develop self directed learners who will continuously develop as caring dentist during graduate training and practice. - Enable students to acquire a strong foundation in the basic medical science and in dental science. - Foster in students the development of the skills necessary for the competent practice of dentistry through out their professional careers. - Be flexible in meeting the needs of the individual student, by using a variety of learning strategies and formats. 2-Objectives of the curriculum:  General objectives:  To provide our graduate with full knowledge in human basic medical sciences& preclinical medical sciences , that widen his scoop& encourage him to joint specialties  •To develop outstanding clinical, research and teaching professionals committed to lifelong learning.  • To discover, disseminate and apply knowledge in the oral health sciences.  • To provide and promote excellent patient care and community service.  To graduate efficient dentist able to give general & special dental services up to date.  • To foster an environment that promotes communication, collaboration, cultural diversity, and internationalization.  Specific Objectives:  To gain full knowledge about basic medical sciences  To be able to integrate the structures functions & reactions  To gain knowledge about infections & pathogenesis of diseases  To identify the various types, uses & mechanism of action of drugs & medications  To know the different types of the materials used in dentistry & how to apply them  To develop dental skills through training on simulators  To know how to conduct research & to provide oral health preventive measures  to recognize clinical and radiographic manifestations, associated laboratory findings and microscopic features of oral disease.  To make the integration between oral health and the overall health.  To know how to practice dental treatment based on sound scientific knowledge  To understand the etiology, epidemiology, differential diagnosis & diagnosis for prevention, treatment and prognosis of oral and oral related disorders  Learn advanced dental techniques & be aware of innovations in dentistry .  To handle, manage and treat the case according to his clinical needs to develop the ability of the graduate for oral rehabilitation based on integration between the general medical & orofacial knowledge.  To develop interest in a special field, resulting in the completion of a research project Curriculum Model: • the curriculum model is spiral *The curriculums were designed to be shared with the medical student and other medical specialties. Studying together basic science, basic medical science& para-clinical sciences, this full dose will provide the student with intensive, integrate knowledge about human body as an integrated unit, which create a good media for exchange of informations and learn joint team work to solve problems. As well as this dose will encourage the graduate to proceed confidently in his high career and double qualifications. On the other hand it is economical for the university to make use of the shared recourses to the maximum * In dental clinical aspect an interdisciplinary training will be followed during the clinical training plus pure intensive full treatment of patients during the last semester Phases and Educational Units: The program will be covered in four phases. In phase I (Basic science & basic medical sciences), basic sciences will be studied ( General Chemistry, Medical physics, Computer science, Medical Statistics, Behavioral Sciences & Research Methodology) & Ethics & Legal Aspects of Medical Practice will be covered. Beside, Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry and Basic Pharmacology will be covered. These will form the scientific foundation for the study of Dentistry. The University requirements ( English Language, Arabic Language & Islamic Studies) will also be covered in this phase. In phase II (Paramedical Sciences & Preclinical Dental Skills) Pathology, Microbiology, Ethical codes & communication Skills, Cardiology, Preclinical Dental Skills, Biomaterial Sciences, Dental Morphology, Oral Histology & Embryology, Molecular Biology, Community Dentistry, Oral Pathology , General Medicine, General Surgery, Pharmacology, Operative Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontology, Paedodontology, Prosthodontic, Orthodontic will be covered. In phase III Clinical Skills included Operative Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontology, Paedodontology, Prosthodontic, Orthodontic & Paedodontic will be covered. In phase IV Integrated Dental Clinical Practice & in this phase Intensive Clinical Training will be conducted. Phase I: Basic Science & Basic Medical Sciences( Semester I,II,II1&IV): Introduction to medicine& dentistry Medical physics &chemistry Ethics & legal aspects of medical practice Behavioral Science Medical Statistics & introduction to community medicine Research Methodology Anatomy Physiology Biochemistry Phase II: Paramedical Sciences & Preclinical Dental Skills (Semester V.VI.) Pathology Microbiology Ethical codes & communication Skills Cardiology Preclinical Restorative Skills = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown & Bridge & Prosthodontic) Biomaterial Sciences (Conservative + Prothodontic) Dental Anatomy = (Dental Morphology +Oral Histology & Embryology) Molecular Biology (Semester VII) Community Dentistry = (Dental Public Health+ Biostatistic) Oral Pathology General Medicine General Surgery Pharmacology Operative dentistry = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown &Bridge) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Periodontology Paedodontology Prosthodontic Orthodontic Phase III Clinical Skills: (Semester VIII,IX,X): Operative dentistry = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown &Bridge) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery+ Radiology + Oral Medicine Periodontology Paedodontology Prosthodontic Orthodontic Paedodontic Phase IV Integrated Dental Clinical Practice: (Semester XI) During this phase Intensive Clinical Training will be conducted, students will treat different cases, the cases will be more complicated than those at the previous semesters, and follow up of the patient should be carried out for a suitable period of time to document the result of the treatment, cooperation of the patient to apply the oral hygiene instructions and the prognosis of the treatment. The Degree Plan Introduction: Each instructional component which is identifiable and assessable is an Educational Unit (EU). Some of the EUs can be subdivided into small courses that are covered in more than one semester. They will be given different codes. Such units will have an inclusive comprehensive exam after all the courses are finished. Each course will have an examination at its end The curriculum is distributed through 12 semesters Following year assessment program The first 6 semesters for Basic medical& Para- medical sciences The remaining 6 semesters for preclinical& clinical subjects . The credit hours of any component are calculated to reflect the number of contact hours for the various activities using the following formulation. 1 credit hour = 1 credit hour per week for 15 weeks (a Semester) Lectures: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Practical: 2 contact hours = 1 credit hour Clinical sessions: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Tutorial sessions: 2 contact hour = 1 credit hour Seminars: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Phase 1: Basic science & Basic Medical Science: Semester 1: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Introduction to medicine& dentistry IMD&DEN101 2 0 2 Medical physics PYS 101 2 3 3 General Chemistry GCHEM101 1 2 2 Cell and human biology 3 3 4 Statistics 2 0 2 Islamic studies AIs101 1 0 1 Arabic language AArb101 1 0 1 Sudanese culture 1 0 1 English Language AEng101 1 0 1 Computer Science COMPsc101 1 4 3 Total 15 6 20 Semester 11: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy 1 MAntT102 3 3 4 Physiology 1 MPhys 102 3 3 4 Biochemistry1 MBio102 3 3 4 English Language2 MEngl102 2 0 2 Computer Science SCs102 2 4 3 Total 13 13 17 Semester 111: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy2 MAnat201 4 4 6 Physiology2 MPhys201 4 4 6 Biochemistry2 MBio201 4 4 6 Neuro- anatomy 2 2 3 Total 14 14 21 Semester 1V: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy3 MAnat202 2 4 4 Physiology3 MPhys202 2 4 4 Biochemistry3 MBio202 2 4 4 Biomaterial 3 0 3 Oral biology 2 3 3 Total 11 15 18 Semester V: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Pathology1 MPath301 3 3 4 Microbiology1 MMicr301 3 3 4 Pharmacology1 MPhaR301 3 0 3 Dental anatomy DAnat 2 3 3 Preclinical Restorative Skills 4 6 6 Total 15 15 20 Semester V1: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Pathology2 MPat302 2 2 3 Microbiology2 MMicr302 3 3 4 Pharmacology2 MPhaR302 3 0 3 Pre-clinical restorative dental skills PCRestD301 2 6 3 Biostatistics 2 3 medical ethics 1 0 1 Total 15 11 17 Semester V11: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Community Dentistry DCom701 2 2 3 Oral Pathology DPath701 2 3 3 General medicine GMed701 2 1 2 Preclinical periodontology PCPerio701 1 1 2 Pre-clinical OM.F Surgery PCDSurg701 2 3 2 Clinical Coservation CONS701 2 4 3 clinical Prothodontic PROTH701 2 4 3 Preclinical orthodontics PCORTHO701 1 2 2 Preclinical peadodontic 1 2 2 General surgery GSURG701 2 - 2 Total 16 22 24 Semester V111: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Community Dentistry DCom802 2 4 3 Oral Pathology DPath802 2 4 3 clinical paedontic DCPaedo801 1 3 2 General medicine GMed802 2 1 3 clinical OM.F Surgery PCDSurg802 1 4 2 Clinical Periodontology Perio802 1 3 2 Clinical orthodontic Ortho802 1 2 2 clinical Conservation Cons 802 1 3 2 clinical Prosthodontic PROSTH802 1 3 2 General surgery GSurg 802 2 3 3 Total 14 30 24 Semester 1X: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Oral&M.F.Surgery DSURG903 2 4 3 Crown& bridge Cr&BrG903 1 3 2 Conservation Endod903 2 4 3 Periodontics Perio903 2 4 3 Prosthodontics Prosth903 2 4 3 Paedodontics PAEDO 2 4 3 orthodontics ORTHO902 1 3 3 Total 11 23 20 Semester X: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Oral&M.F.Surgery DSurg1004 2 4 3 Crown& bridge Cr&Br1002 2 4 2 Conservation Cons1004 2 4 3 Periodontics Perio1004 2 4 3 Prothodontics Prosts1004 2 4 3 Paedodontics. Paedo&Ortho1004 1 3 3 orthodontics 1 3 3 Total 12 26 20 Total =200 Teaching & Learning Strategy: Philosophy: For the Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Alneelain University to graduate competent practitioners which are knowledgeable, skillful & dutiful and have good ethics, the Faculty decided to make a curriculum that is cover all the fields of dentistry associated with full clinical training followed by intensive clinical training course & research project. Learning Situations: A multitude of learning situations will be utilized with emphasis on the situations that give the student ownership and control of learning situations. The learning situations will include: 1- Lectures 2- Practical sessions 3- Tutorials 4- Seminars 5- Clinical session 6- Clinical raining 7- E-learning Learning Approaches- The learning approaches should be based on the trend stated in the philosophy. The main approaches are: 1- Learning: which is expected to help in the development of the congestive skills, like critical thinking, decision making & problem solving 2- Integration between preclinical studies & clinical experience. Resources: The following learning recourses are going to be made available for the students: 1- A library with the recommended text books & periodical in the various disciplines of Dentistry. 2- A computer lab with a digital library containing books. CDs, multimedia resources and an internet connection to the relevant online resources. 3- Laboratories including clinical skill labs 4- Clinical teaching Course Objectives and Contents: Assessment and Evaluation Strategy: Evaluation of the Curriculum: Evaluation of Students: ● Students are evaluated in cognitive, affective, psychomotor domains in all courses with an emphasis on formative evaluation through out the course to provide frequent feed back to the student. Examinations and quizzes are coordinated in all components. Letter grading is used in all courses; written and narrative evaluation of students is provided where appropriate. Students are evaluated individually against curriculum standard and could be ranked. Evaluation and Grading: ●Assessment: Examination on all domains of learning are conducted through out the year employing both formative and summative type of assessment types. Although the formative types are meant for diagnosis & feed back, a percentage not exceeding 20% of the final mark can be calculated for these tests and considered as form of a continuous assessment. ● Calculation of grades: Grades are going to be calculated based on a preset scale provided that examinations are adjusted in a way that guarantees that a minimally competent student pass all tests & that the interpretation of results are there for criterion referenced. ●Grading scale: We use a five-point grading scale according to the following table: Score Range Letter Grade Interpretation More than 80 A Excellent 70-80 B Very Good 60-70 C Good 50-60 D Pass Less than 50 F Fail Passing any educational unit requires that one obtains an overall scaled score of at least 50%. General Anatomy for DENTAL student 1.Course Objectives 1. Know the major anatomical structures of the human body and their primary functions. 2. Be able to recognize important clinical structures and landmarks on various radiographic images including CT, MR and X-ray images, in all planes. 3. Be able to recognize and/or palpate, based on an understanding of surface anatomy, various anatomical structures, both superficial and deep. 4. Be able to make reasonable predictions of the clinical manifestation of injury or disease to anatomic structures. 5. Be able to relate anatomic structures to clinical diagnostic procedures and treatment approaches 2. Courses Contents: 3- Gross Anatomy: 3.1 THORACIC REGION 3.1.a-Region Objectives: By the end of this region the student should be able to 1- Identify the different component of the bony thorax 2- The important relations and the anatomical land marks of thoracic cage 3- The respiratory system& pleural sac 4- The mediastenal contents 5- The cardiovascular system& the great vessels 3.1.bContents Time a located during the week Topics Time for Theory Practical time tutorial a-Introduction and terminology related to the anatomy and topographic anatomy 2hours 3 hours 2hours b- Surface antomy of the thorax 2hours 3 hours 2hours c- Thoracic cage and its articulations. 2hours 3 hours 2hours d- Thoracic wall and surface anatomy. 2hours 3 hours 2hours e- Thoracic cavity, plura and lungs. 2hours 3 hours 2hours f-mediastinium ,pericardium 2hours 3 hours 2hours g- middle mediastemum & heart 2hours 3hours 2hours h- cardiovascular anatomy( great vessels& blood supply of the heart) 2hours 3hours 2hours i- cardiovascular anatomy( conducting system of the heart) 2hours 3 hours 2hours j- posterior mediastenum contents 2hours 3hours 2hours 3.2 Applied Gross Anatomy of Abdomen, Pelvis for dental student 3.2. a-Objectives of this regions: The student should be able to: 1-identify the regional anatomical land mark 2- Deal with these parts of the human body during general body examination 3- Deal with emergences and patient right refer 3.2.b- contents Applied Gross Anatomy Abdomen& Pelvic regions Topics theory Pract.& tutorial a-Anterior abdominal wall and surface anatomy of the internal organs. 2 hour 3 hours b-Clinical application and hernias. 1 hour 3 hours c- Anatomy of the GIT & Porto systemic Anastomosis. 1 hour 3 hours d- The anatomical land marks of bony pelvis & iliac crest 1 hour 3 hours e-Identification of urinary and reproductive systems. 1 hour 3 hours 3.3- Applied Gross anatomy of the Limbs: 3.3. a- Objective The dental student needs this course to a-relate between the different parts of the body b- Identify& use correctly the peripheral superficial veins in investigations& managements c- Communicate scientifically with medical colleges d- be able to deal with emergencies 3.3. b- contents Topics theory Practical& tutorial a Appendicular skeleton & the names of the joints. 2 hours 3 hours b Brachial blexus, shoulder region & axilla. 2 hours 3 hours c Cubital fossa and superficial veins variation. 2 hours 3 hours d Glutial region and the thigh. 2 hours 3 hours e Knee joint , populated fossa& -Leg and foot 1hours 3 hours f Common fractures of the limbs & nerves injures 1 hours 3 hours 3.4. Gross Anatomy of the head & neck 3.4. a- Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1-Identify the bones of the skull& cervical vertebrae. 2- Locate the cranial& facial exits and describe the structures& function of the structures passing through 3-Locate the origin and insertion and describe the action of the muscles of the head and neck. 4- Describe the venous and arterial blood supply to the structures of the head and neck. 5-Explain the relationship of the autonomic nervous system to the head and neck. 6-Locate and identify the glandular tissues and associated structures in the head and neck. 7-Describe the location and function of the lymphatic system of the head and neck. 8-Trace the routes of infection of the orofacial region. 9-Describe the injection penetration sites for dental local anesthesia. 10-Describe the anatomy , functioning& common disorders of the temporomandibular joint. 3.4.b- Contents - topics theory practical tutorial 1-Oestology of the skull and facial skeleton 1 2 hours 3 hours 2hours 2- Oestology of the skull and facial skeleton 1 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 3-The spine, cervical vertebrae and surface markings. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 4-Cervical fascia& Fascial spaces . 2 hours 3 hours 2hours 5-Scalp and head injuries. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 6- cutaneous innervation of the face& distribution of trigeminal nerve 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 7- blood supply of the face & dangerous trigone 2hours 3 hours 2 hours 8- muscles of facial expression 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 9- posterior triangle of the neck& cervical plexus 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 10- anterior triangle of the neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 11- Carotid sheath 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 12- sub-occipital region& back of the neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 13- Median viscera of the neck& thyroid gland 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 14- Infratemporal fossa 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 15- Pterygopalatine fossa 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 16- Cranial cavity& dural sinuses 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 17- Nasal cavity and Para nasal sinuses. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 18- Oral cavity 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 19- Salivary Glands 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 20- Muscles of mastication and TMJ. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 21-Pharynx 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 22-Larynx. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 23-Root of the neck& Pre vertebral region 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 24-Orbit. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 25-Ear 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 26- Lymphatic Drainage of head& neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 4. Neuroanatomy 4.1- Objectives: By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1- know the general organization of the nervous system 2-Identify the different components of the nervous system 3-The pathways and gaits of forth& back messages through the nervous system 4- The circulations through& around the nervous system and the clinical problem correlate to them 3- Correlate between the different connections, anatomical location and neurological activities of the different parts of the nervous system 4- Identify the main neurological disturbances& the neurological defect lead to them. 4.2 Course contents Topics theory Pract.& tutorials 1- Introduction to neuroanatomy. 2hour 2hour 2- topography of the brain& meninges . 2hour 3hour 3- Cerebral cortex, Lobes and cortical areas . 2hour 3hour 4-Basal ganglia and thalamus 2hour 3 hours 4- Organization& external feature of the brain stem and its locations. 2hour 3hour 5- Internal features of brain stem. 2hour 2hour 6- Topography of the spinal cord and its segmentations 2hour 3hour 7-Internal features of spinal cord. 2hour 8-Tractology. 2hour 9-Limb system.& Reticular formation 2hour 2hour 10-CSF circulation & ventricular system. 2hour 2hour 11-Blood supply of the nervous system& dural venous sinuses . 2hour 3 hours 5. EMBRYOLOGY . 5.1. Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to 1- know about the gametes& gamitogenesis 2- know about normal fertilization& in virtro fertilization 3- know the normal site of implantation & ectopic pregnancy 4- know the derivatives of the germinal layers 5- know the fetal developmental stages& full term baby 6- fetal membranes & placenta 7- know the process of development craniofacial region, cardiovascular region& their associate developmental defects 8- know the process of development of the oral cavity& orofacial clefts 5.2 Course Contents Topics theory 1-Primordial germinal cells gonads differentiation& Gamete formation, 2 hours 1- Introduction to genetics& chromosomal abnormalities 2 hours 3-Menstruation& ovulation 2 hours 4- fertilization, implantation and ectopic pregnancy. 2 hours 5-Bilaminar germ disc 2 hours 6-Derivatives of the germinal layers 2 hours 7-Morphological changes in the human body during intrauterine life. 2 hours 8-Fetal membranes& Placenta 2 hours 9-Twins pregnancy& Siamese twins 2 hours 10-Development of CNS 2 hours 11-Development of the cranium& facial skeleton 1 2 hours 12-Development of the cranium& facial skeleton 2 2 hours 13-Development of cardiovascular system . 2 hours 14- Craniofacial& cardiovascular defects 2 hours 15-Pharyngeal arches and orofacial development 2 hours 16-Development of the head& neck 2 hours 17-Development of the respiratory system & upper gut 2 hours 6.HUMAN HISTOLOGY 6.1. Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1- know the different parts of the light microscope& how to use the microscopic 2- know about the different histological techniques and slide preparations 3- identify the micrscopical picture of the different body tissues 4- identify the functional & histological changes of the tissues under the microscope 6.2 Contents Topic Theoretical hours Pract.& tutorial 1-The Body’s Microscopic Organization 2hours 2hours 2-. Cytology, recognize parts of the typical cell and describe their 2hours 2hours 3- Cell mitosis.& chromosomes 2hours 2hours 4-Classify tissues and list their functions. 2hours 2hours 5- The epithelial tissues. 2hours 2hours 6- Classify the epithelia. 2hours 2hours 7-Describe types of membranes. 2hours 2hours 8-Types of glands.& endocrine system 2hours 2hours 9-Connective tissues and their functions. 2hours 2hours 10-The types of connective tissue propers. 2hours 2hours 11-The supporting connective tissues. 2hours 2hours 12-The specialized connective tissue B blood. 2hours 2hours 13- The muscular tissues. 2hours 2hours 14- The nervous tissues. 2hours 2hours 15- The lymphoid tissue. 2hours 2hours 16- .The special sense organs 2hours 2hours 17- Histology of the salivary glands 2hours 2hours 18- Histology of the respiratory system 2hours 2hours 19- Histology of the cardiovascular system 2hours 2hours 20 – Histology of the digestive systm 2hours 2hours 7-Recommended Books: Clinical anatomy for medical students. Richard Snell - by regions. Last anatomy Clinical anatomy – Kiss Moore. Human development. – Moore. Anatomy for dental student - Moore Basic histology. Functional histology. Gray's anatomy -------( as reference) 8- Methods of teaching: 8.1- Lectures. 8.2- Dissection of human body (cadaver) & demonstration of anatomical specimens of cadavers. 8.3- Slides show. 8.4- Tutorials on topics focusing on clinical application. 8.5- Discussion groups tutors review. 8.6-seminars 9-Evaluation& assessment : 9.1MSQS single best answer 2 papers A. Paper I -100 MCQs gross antatomy B.Paper II- 20 MCQs applied surgical anatomy . 9.2. Continuous assessment . 9.3. OSPE 9.4. Oral examination Biochemistry and Nutrition Objectives At the end of the course the student would be able to acquire a useful core of information, and should know 1. the structure of cholesterol and why it cannot be carried free in plasma. 2. why amylase will not hydrolyse cellulose. 3. haemoglobin is globular and keratin is fibrous. 4. mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Should know more than 90 % of ATP is formed by this process. 5. hydrochloric acid cannot break a peptide bond at room temperature. 6. the steps of glycogenesis. 7. the basis of increase of urea and creatininein blood in renal insufficiency. 8- the structure of insulin. Should know why insulin level in circulation is normal in most cases of maturity onset diabetes. 9. the structure of ATP and energy needs. 10. the mechanism of action of prolylhydroxylase. 11. the structure of Vitamin K and basis of bleeding arising due to its deficiency starvation1. CHEMISTRY OF BIOORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification. Monosaccharides - Isomerism, anomerism. Sugar derivatives, Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Structures of starchand glycogen. Lipids : Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction tocompound lipids. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle. Bimolecular leaflet. Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids: Classification. Introduction to peptides. Proteins : Simple and conjugated; globular and fibrous. Charge properties. Buffer action . Introduction to protein conformation . Denaturation. Nucleic acids: Building units . Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA. 2. High energy compounds: ATP , Phosphorylamidines, Thiolesters, Enol phosphates. Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary lipids, essential fatty acids. Nitrogen balance. Essential amino acids. Protein quality and requirement (methods for evaluation of protein quality to be excluded). Protein calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of monosaccharides. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake of amino acids. 3. MICRONUTRIENTS Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms. Brief account of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions. Vitamins A functions including visual process. Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. Vitamin K and gamma carboxylation. Introduction to antivitamins and hypervitaminosis. Minerals :Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion, function. Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport. Heme and nonheme iron functions; deficiency. Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of thyroxine. Fluoride: function, deficiency and excess. Indications of role of other minerals. 4. ENERGY METABOLISM Overview: Outlines of glycolysis,pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphyorylation. Ketone body formation and utilisation. Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis. Lactate metabolism . Protein utilisation for energy. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Integration of metabolism. 5. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid. Outlines of cholesterol synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea formation. Phosphocreatine formation. Transmethylation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon transfer. Detoxication : Typical reactions. Examples of toxic compounds. Oxygen toxicity Biochemistry II Contents BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA as genetic material. Introduction to replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA. Genetic code and mutation. Outline of translation process.Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription and translation. Introduction to cancer, viruses and oncogenes. 7. ENZYME AND METABOLIC REGULATION Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme inhibitors, proenzyme and isoenzymes. Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by induction/repression. Overview of hormones. Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol triphosphate. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief. Acid base regulation. Electrolyte balance. 8. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND BLOOD PROTEINS Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans. Bone structure. Structure of membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis. Introduction to cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief. Haemoglobin: functions. Introduction to heme synthesis and degradation. Plasma proteins: classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief account of immunoglobulins. Plasma lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover. 9. MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Regulation of blood glucose.Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of glycemic status. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical evaluation. Hyperlipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver function tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney function tests and gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation. Gout. Examples ofgenetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, glycogen storage disorders, glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, inborn errorsof amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy ( one or two examples with biochemical basis will be adequate). Serum enzymes in diagnosis. TEXT& REFERENCE BOOKS: 1- Concise text book of Biochemistry (3rd edition) 2001, T.N. Pattabiraman 2.Nutritional Biochemistry 1995,S. Ramakrishnan and S.V. Rao 3.Text book of Biochemistrywith clinical correlations 1997, T.N. Devlin 4.Harper’s Biochemistry, 1996., R.K. Murray et.al 5.Basic and applied Dental Biochemistry, 1979, R.A.D. Williams & J.C.Elliot PHYSIOLOGY CURRICULUM FOR DENTAL STUDENTS SEMESTER (2, 3, 4 138hours) A- Course Overview: The course in human physiology aims to provide students with essential knowledge and comprehensive background of the normal body functions, which will enable them to understand abnormal changes due to diseases. The course emphasis the mechanisms which control the various organs and systems and their integration with each other. Through knowledge of human physiology is one and the basic requirements for intelligent clinical practice and prevention of disease. B- General Objectives of the Physiology Courses: On completion of the course in physiology the student will: 1- Apply the basic principles of physiology to clinical problems so as to explain the symptoms and signs of disease. 2- Endeavor to apply physiological knowledge and skills to solve clinical or community health problems. 3- Develop independent study habits so as to continue to learn physiology and other medical sciences on his own. 4- Integrate the facts and concepts of physiology in order to explain the rationale of management procedures. 5- Master preliminary laboratory skills and bedside techniques commonly encountered in clinical practice. INTRODUCTION: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to:- 1. Describe the functional relationships between various organ systems of the body. 2. Explain in outlines the importance of a stable environment (homeostasis) to normal human health and the role of the nervous system and endocrine glands in this regard 3. Describe body composition and in particular the distribution and composition of body fluids. 4. Define feedback mechanisms and identified the various components of control system. 5. Describe the functional organization of the autonomic nervous system and its chemical transmitters. 6. Enumerate the functions and describes the investigation of the various parts of autonomic nervous system. 7. Describe the mechanism of temperature regulation and energy metabolism. 8. Describe the functional regulation of cell membrane, transport across cell, electrical properties of resting and excitable membrane. 9. Outline the different functions of skin , the basis of skin pigmentation to relate these functions to its structure. Contents: Lectures: (20 hours) 1) Homeostasis. 2) Composition of the body. 3) Body fluids, compartments volume and composition. 4) Control of total body water. 5) Exchange of fluid between various fluids compartments. 6) Regulation of body temperature and energy metabolism, metabolic rate & BMR. 7) Cell membrane physiology and electrophysiology. 8) Autonomic nervous system. 9) Functions of skin and functional structural relationship and the basis of pigmentation. Practical: 1) Units and concentrations (problems). 2) Hospital visits in relevant body fluid, and their disturbances. 3) Demonstration of autonomic function. 4) Clinical thermometer and measurement of body temperature. 5) Assessment of the environmental temperatures. 6) A problem on temperature regulation. 7) Basal metabolic rate & metabolic rate. BLOOD: Objectives: At the end of this course the student should be able to describe: 1) Blood constituents and plasma proteins and their functions. 2) Production and functions of the red blood cells. 3) Structure and function of hemoglobin. 4) Breakdown of red blood cells and the rate of hemoglobin. 5) Disorders of abnormal production and breakdown of red blood cells and hemoglobin. 6) Function of white blood cells and mechanisms of immunity. 7) Basis of blood grouping systems and their medical importance. 8) The mechanisms of hemostasis and its importance in clinical practice 9) Disorders of hemostatitic mechanisms Contents: Lectures: (18 hours) 1) Blood composition. 2) Plasma and its proteins. 3) Bone marrow. 4) Red blood cells production. 5) Dietary factors required for normal erythropoesis. 6) Hemoglobin structure and formation. 7) Haemoglobinopathies. 8) Anaemias. 9) White blood cells types, morphology and functions. 10) The immune system, immunization, and basis of autoimmune diseases and tissue transplantation. 11) Blood groups. 12) Blood transfusion. 13) Platelets. 14) Haemostasis and its abnormalities. Practical: 1) Methods of collection of blood samples 2) Hemoglobin estimation. 3) Packed cell volume. 4) Red blood cells count. 5) Derived blood indices. 6) Reticulocyte count. 7) Red blood cells fragility. 8) Differential white blood cells count. 9) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 10) Blood groups. 11) Visit to the blood bank 12) Haemostasis. Cardio-Vascular System: Objectives: At the end of the module the student should be able to: 1) Explain the functional characteristics of the cardiac muscle proper and conducting system. 2) Describe the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle. 3) Describe the events in the cardiac cycle and their sequence and heart sounds. 4) Draw the volume pressure relationship curve of the ventricles and explain it’s different components. 5) Define cardiac output explain how it is measured and describe the factors which regulate it. 6) Describe the factors involved in the regulation of the arterial blood pressure. 7) Describe the pathophysiological changes in right and left ventricular failure. 8) Identify the various waves in ECG, intervals and segments, and outline their significance in health and disease. 9) Explain the common arrhythmias and how they can be diagnosed. 10) Describe Cardio-vascular responses to muscular exercise. 11) Describe coronary circulation. A) Lectures (16 hours) 1) Functional characteristics of the cardiac muscle. 2) Electrophysiology of the cardiac muscle. 3) The cardiac cycle and volume-pressure relationship. 4) Cardiac output definition, measurement and regulation. 5) Factors affecting heart rate and stroke volume. 6) Arterial blood pressure, definitions and regulation including, baroreceptor, and chemoreceptor reflexes and peripheral resistance. 7) Pathophysiology of heart failure. 8) Electrocardiographs and arrhythmias. 9) C.V. responses to muscular exercise. 10) Coronary circulation. B) Practical: 1) Automicity and conductivity of the frog’s heart. 2) Properties of the mammalian heart. 3) Clinical examination of the C.V.S. 4) Measurement of arterial blood pressure and pulse rate. 5) E.C.G. C) Video films. a) Electrical and mechanical events in the heart. b) Control of the C.V.S. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Objectives:- At the end of these units the student will be able to describe: 1) Gas properties. 2) Mechanics of respiration. 3) Pulmonary circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. 4) Transport of O2, Co2 in the blood and gas exchange at the lung and tissues. 5) Control of respiration. 6) Effect of exercise on respiration. 7) Some respiratory abnormalities. 8) Hypoxia. 9) Hypercapnia, hypocapnia. 10) Respiratory alkalosis & acidosis. Lectures: (12 hours) 1) Gas properties. 2) Functional anatomy of the lung. 3) Mechanisms of the respiration Ventilation; lung volumes and capacities, surface tension and surfactant, compliance and work of breathing, lung function tests 4) Pulmonary circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. 5) Gas exchange in the lung: Fick's law of diffusion, diffusion capacity 6) Pulmonary circulation &ventilation perfusion ratio 7) Gas transport in blood; oxygen transport,, oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve and carbon dioxide transport in blood 8) Control of ventilation; chemical control of ventilation, neural control of ventilation and cough reflex 9) Exercise & respiration. 10) Hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypocapnia and cyanosis 11) Respiratory, acid base disturbances. Practical:- 1) Clinical examination of respiratory system & lungs. 2) Lung volume & capacities. 3) Airway resistance FEV, FVC, PEFR. 4) Breathe holding experiment and control of respiration. 5) Effects of exercise. GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to describe: 1) Gastrointestinal secretions: salivary, stomach, pancreatic, small & large intestine. (Composition, functions, mechanism and control of secretion). 2) Swallowing and motility patterns in the GIT & their role in mixing and propulsion of food as well as in defecation. 3) Absorption in the GIT and the abnormalities related to malabsorption. 4) Pancreatic and liver functions, bile formation, functions & control of secretion. 5) Gastrointestinal hormones and their role in secretion and motility in the GIT. Lectures (12 hours) 1) Secretions: salivary, gastric, pancreatic, small intestinal, large intestinal. 2) Control mechanisms of secretion. 3) Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate, protein & fat. 4) Motility: including oropharyngeal motility, gastric emptying, vomiting, small and large intestinal motility and defecation. 5) Hepatic functions bile formation, function and control of secretion. 6) GIT hormones. Practical: 1) Effects of drugs and ions on the motility of an isolated mammalian intestine RENAL SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to: 1) Describe the structural functional relationship of the kidney. 2) Correlate renal blood flow to renal functions. 3) Describe the mechanism of glomerular filtration, factors that determine it and factors that affect it. 4) Describe the concept of clearance and its use in measuring GFR, RPF and in assessing renal functions in disease. 5) Describe the mechanism of tubular re-absorption and secretion and the ability to form dilute and concentrated urine. 6) Outline the role of the kidney in homeostasis i.e. regulation of ECF volumes, electrolyte balance, osmolality, PH and blood pressure. 7) Explain the endocrine functions of the kidney. 8) Describe the composition of urine and some of the important changes, which occur in diseases. 9) Describe the act of micturation and pathophysiology of its common disturbance. Contents: Lectures: (12 hours) 1) Structural functional relationship in the kidney and its functions. 2) Renal blood flow. 3) Glomerular filtration. 4) Clearance; significance and clinical application. 5) Tubular functions. 6) Concentration of urine. 7) Role of kidney on regulation of ECF volume and osmolarity and electrolyte concentration. 8) pH regulation and role of kidney in acid base balance in normal state and major disturbances. 9) Role of the kidney in endocrine regulation. 10) Assessment of renal functions. 11) Micturition. Practical: 1) Measurement of GFR 2) Diueresis. 3) Clearance. 4) Problem on renal failure. 5) Problem on acid base disturbances. ENDOCRINOLGY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to describe: 1) The general features of endocrine control, mechanism of action of hormones and receptors. 2) The synthesis; secretion; transport; mechanism of action of the hormones secreted by the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas and parathyroid glands. 3) Outline the physiology of sex differentiation, puberty and menopause. 4) The menstrual cycle and its control. 5) Spermatogenesis and endocrine control of male reproductive functions. 6) The physiological changes during pregnancy and mechanism of parturition. 7) Outline the initiation and maintenance of lactation. Lectures: (24 hours) Contents: 1) Anterior pituitary development and structure; hypothalamic hypophyseal tracts and neurosecretion; action of the trophic hormones prolactin and growth hormones with common abnormalities, Sheehan’s syndrome, hypo ad hyperactivity. 2) Posterior pituitary development and microstructure; antidiuretic hormone actions and regulation of secretion. Diabetes insipidus, Oxytocin and regulation of secretion. 3) Adrenal cortex hormones action and control; hyper and hypoactivity. 4) Thyroid hormones synthesis control and actions Pathophysiology of goiter thyrotoxicosis ,hypo and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function tests. 5) Bone physiology ,calcium and phosphorous homeostasis and their hormonal regulation. Disorders of bone formation and calcium homeostasis. 6) Pancreatic hormones control and action; regulation of blood glucose; glucose tolerance test, diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. 7) Sex differentiation-puberty. 8) Spermatogenesis and endocrine function of testes and its control. 9) Menstrual cycle and its endocrine control. 10) Pregnancy and placental functions. 11) Lactation. Practical:- 1) Clinical demonstration of endocrine abnormalities. 2) Problems on thytoxicosis and hypothyroidism. 3) Video tape on Cushing, Acromegaly, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. 4) Pregnancy test. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Objectives: The student at the end of this unit will be able to: 1) Outline the topography of the brain and its meanings and blood supply. 2) Outline the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. 3) Describe the synaptic connection and transmission. 4) Describe the resting membrane potential, action potential, nerve conduction and their ionic basis. 5) Describe the molecular basis and mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. 6) Describe the mechanism involved in reception, transmission, coding and perception of somatic and special sensation. 7) Describe the initiation and control of voluntary reflex movement, and posture. 8) Describe the basic functions of the vestibular apparatus and cerebellum and basal ganglia. 9) Describe the functions of the hypothalamus and the integration of neural, hormonal and visceral functions. 10) Describe the higher functions of brain. 11) Describe the physiological basis of sleep and the electroencephalogram. Contents: Lectures (24) 1) Introduction to neuroscience. 2) Resting membrane potential, action potential and nerve conduction. 3) Synaptic transmission. 4) Neuromuscular junction. 5) Molecular basis of muscle contraction and types of contraction. 6) Sensory modalities. Receptor and mechanism of their coding. Pathway of pain, orofacial pain, pain control, abnormal pain . 7) Physiology of temperature, touch, pressure and proprioceptive sensations. 8) Functional interaction at spinal cord level. 9) Reflexes. 10) Brain stem. 11) Cerebellum: Functional organization. Input and output system. Functions of cerebellum and its clinical abnormalities. 12) Basal ganglia:Functions of basal ganglia, clinical syndromes resulting from damage to basal ganglia. 13) Diencephalon:Subdivision, brief consideration of the thalamus and hypothalamus. 14) Control of muscle tone and body posture. 15) Cerebrum:Motor mechanisms (motor areas of cortex & pathways, effect of lesions, role of cerebrum in skilled motor patterns, initiation of voluntary motor activity). 16) Limbic system. 17) Reticular activating system. 18) Memory, learning, consciousness, sleep. 19) Physiology of hearing. 20) Vision physiology, abnormalities, and visual evoked responses. 21) Smell and taste. 22) The electroencephalogram (EEG). Practical: 1) Nerve & muscle preparation & single muscle twitch. 2) Effect of strength variation, summation, genesis of tetanus and fatigue. 3) Measurement of nerve conduction and EMG. 4) Reflexes. 5) Clinical examination of sensory and motor systems. 6) Vision. 7) Auditory 1- Mission Statement 2- Vision Statement 3- Outcomes expected of Alneelain graduates 4- Educational Goals & Objectives -Introduction -Goals of the curriculum -Objectives of the curriculum 5- Phases & Educational Units 6- The Degree Plan 7- Teaching & learning Strategy - Philosophy - Learning Situations - Learning Approaches - Resources 8- Course Objectives - General Objectives - Specific Objectives 9- Assessment & Evaluation Strategy -Evaluation of the curriculum - Evaluation of the students - Evaluation & Grading Mission Statement: The mission of the School of Dentistry is to achieve excellence in the medical science, and dental art& science through teaching, research, and practice Vision Statement: The vision of our School is to be an internationally recognized dental school known for an innovative educational program, provide the graduate with wide range of scientific knowledge, giving him confidence to proceed as good scientist& researcher, with superior skills to offer highest degree of service. Out Comes Expected of Alneelain University Graduates 1- To graduate a scientifically knowledgeable, biologically oriented, technically competent and socially sensitive dental practitioner 2 - The highest standards of professional conduct, ethics and function effectively as a member of the health care delivery system. 3- -To be competent in the prevention, diagnosis and care of patients’ oro-facial conditions that affect overall health and patient well-being. 4- Life long learning Curriculum Goals and Objectives Introduction: The programme is designed to graduate dentist who will have adequate knowledge, necessary skills and reasonable attitudes which are required for carrying out all activities appropriate to general dental practice involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues. The graduate also should understand the concept of community oral health education and be able to participate in the rural health care delivery programmes existing in the country. The goal of our program is to develop junior dentist who possess attributes that will ensure that they are initially competent to practice safely and effectively, and that they have appropriate foundation for lifelong learning and for further training in any branch of dentistry. 1-Goals of the curriculum: The goals of the curriculum are to: - Develop self directed learners who will continuously develop as caring dentist during graduate training and practice. - Enable students to acquire a strong foundation in the basic medical science and in dental science. - Foster in students the development of the skills necessary for the competent practice of dentistry through out their professional careers. - Be flexible in meeting the needs of the individual student, by using a variety of learning strategies and formats. 2-Objectives of the curriculum:  General objectives:  To provide our graduate with full knowledge in human basic medical sciences& preclinical medical sciences , that widen his scoop& encourage him to joint specialties  •To develop outstanding clinical, research and teaching professionals committed to lifelong learning.  • To discover, disseminate and apply knowledge in the oral health sciences.  • To provide and promote excellent patient care and community service.  To graduate efficient dentist able to give general & special dental services up to date.  • To foster an environment that promotes communication, collaboration, cultural diversity, and internationalization.  Specific Objectives:  To gain full knowledge about basic medical sciences  To be able to integrate the structures functions & reactions  To gain knowledge about infections & pathogenesis of diseases  To identify the various types, uses & mechanism of action of drugs & medications  To know the different types of the materials used in dentistry & how to apply them  To develop dental skills through training on simulators  To know how to conduct research & to provide oral health preventive measures  to recognize clinical and radiographic manifestations, associated laboratory findings and microscopic features of oral disease.  To make the integration between oral health and the overall health.  To know how to practice dental treatment based on sound scientific knowledge  To understand the etiology, epidemiology, differential diagnosis & diagnosis for prevention, treatment and prognosis of oral and oral related disorders  Learn advanced dental techniques & be aware of innovations in dentistry .  To handle, manage and treat the case according to his clinical needs to develop the ability of the graduate for oral rehabilitation based on integration between the general medical & orofacial knowledge.  To develop interest in a special field, resulting in the completion of a research project Curriculum Model: • the curriculum model is spiral *The curriculums were designed to be shared with the medical student and other medical specialties. Studying together basic science, basic medical science& para-clinical sciences, this full dose will provide the student with intensive, integrate knowledge about human body as an integrated unit, which create a good media for exchange of informations and learn joint team work to solve problems. As well as this dose will encourage the graduate to proceed confidently in his high career and double qualifications. On the other hand it is economical for the university to make use of the shared recourses to the maximum * In dental clinical aspect an interdisciplinary training will be followed during the clinical training plus pure intensive full treatment of patients during the last semester Phases and Educational Units: The program will be covered in four phases. In phase I (Basic science & basic medical sciences), basic sciences will be studied ( General Chemistry, Medical physics, Computer science, Medical Statistics, Behavioral Sciences & Research Methodology) & Ethics & Legal Aspects of Medical Practice will be covered. Beside, Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry and Basic Pharmacology will be covered. These will form the scientific foundation for the study of Dentistry. The University requirements ( English Language, Arabic Language & Islamic Studies) will also be covered in this phase. In phase II (Paramedical Sciences & Preclinical Dental Skills) Pathology, Microbiology, Ethical codes & communication Skills, Cardiology, Preclinical Dental Skills, Biomaterial Sciences, Dental Morphology, Oral Histology & Embryology, Molecular Biology, Community Dentistry, Oral Pathology , General Medicine, General Surgery, Pharmacology, Operative Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontology, Paedodontology, Prosthodontic, Orthodontic will be covered. In phase III Clinical Skills included Operative Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontology, Paedodontology, Prosthodontic, Orthodontic & Paedodontic will be covered. In phase IV Integrated Dental Clinical Practice & in this phase Intensive Clinical Training will be conducted. Phase I: Basic Science & Basic Medical Sciences( Semester I,II,II1&IV): Introduction to medicine& dentistry Medical physics &chemistry Ethics & legal aspects of medical practice Behavioral Science Medical Statistics & introduction to community medicine Research Methodology Anatomy Physiology Biochemistry Phase II: Paramedical Sciences & Preclinical Dental Skills (Semester V.VI.) Pathology Microbiology Ethical codes & communication Skills Cardiology Preclinical Restorative Skills = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown & Bridge & Prosthodontic) Biomaterial Sciences (Conservative + Prothodontic) Dental Anatomy = (Dental Morphology +Oral Histology & Embryology) Molecular Biology (Semester VII) Community Dentistry = (Dental Public Health+ Biostatistic) Oral Pathology General Medicine General Surgery Pharmacology Operative dentistry = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown &Bridge) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Periodontology Paedodontology Prosthodontic Orthodontic Phase III Clinical Skills: (Semester VIII,IX,X): Operative dentistry = (Conservation+Endodontic+Crown &Bridge) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery+ Radiology + Oral Medicine Periodontology Paedodontology Prosthodontic Orthodontic Paedodontic Phase IV Integrated Dental Clinical Practice: (Semester XI) During this phase Intensive Clinical Training will be conducted, students will treat different cases, the cases will be more complicated than those at the previous semesters, and follow up of the patient should be carried out for a suitable period of time to document the result of the treatment, cooperation of the patient to apply the oral hygiene instructions and the prognosis of the treatment. The Degree Plan Introduction: Each instructional component which is identifiable and assessable is an Educational Unit (EU). Some of the EUs can be subdivided into small courses that are covered in more than one semester. They will be given different codes. Such units will have an inclusive comprehensive exam after all the courses are finished. Each course will have an examination at its end The curriculum is distributed through 12 semesters Following year assessment program The first 6 semesters for Basic medical& Para- medical sciences The remaining 6 semesters for preclinical& clinical subjects . The credit hours of any component are calculated to reflect the number of contact hours for the various activities using the following formulation. 1 credit hour = 1 credit hour per week for 15 weeks (a Semester) Lectures: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Practical: 2 contact hours = 1 credit hour Clinical sessions: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Tutorial sessions: 2 contact hour = 1 credit hour Seminars: 1 contact hour = 1 credit hour Phase 1: Basic science & Basic Medical Science: Semester 1: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Introduction to medicine& dentistry IMD&DEN101 2 0 2 Medical physics PYS 101 2 3 3 General Chemistry GCHEM101 1 2 2 Cell and human biology 3 3 4 Statistics 2 0 2 Islamic studies AIs101 1 0 1 Arabic language AArb101 1 0 1 Sudanese culture 1 0 1 English Language AEng101 1 0 1 Computer Science COMPsc101 1 4 3 Total 15 6 20 Semester 11: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy 1 MAntT102 3 3 4 Physiology 1 MPhys 102 3 3 4 Biochemistry1 MBio102 3 3 4 English Language2 MEngl102 2 0 2 Computer Science SCs102 2 4 3 Total 13 13 17 Semester 111: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy2 MAnat201 4 4 6 Physiology2 MPhys201 4 4 6 Biochemistry2 MBio201 4 4 6 Neuro- anatomy 2 2 3 Total 14 14 21 Semester 1V: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Anatomy3 MAnat202 2 4 4 Physiology3 MPhys202 2 4 4 Biochemistry3 MBio202 2 4 4 Biomaterial 3 0 3 Oral biology 2 3 3 Total 11 15 18 Semester V: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Pathology1 MPath301 3 3 4 Microbiology1 MMicr301 3 3 4 Pharmacology1 MPhaR301 3 0 3 Dental anatomy DAnat 2 3 3 Preclinical Restorative Skills 4 6 6 Total 15 15 20 Semester V1: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Pathology2 MPat302 2 2 3 Microbiology2 MMicr302 3 3 4 Pharmacology2 MPhaR302 3 0 3 Pre-clinical restorative dental skills PCRestD301 2 6 3 Biostatistics 2 3 medical ethics 1 0 1 Total 15 11 17 Semester V11: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Community Dentistry DCom701 2 2 3 Oral Pathology DPath701 2 3 3 General medicine GMed701 2 1 2 Preclinical periodontology PCPerio701 1 1 2 Pre-clinical OM.F Surgery PCDSurg701 2 3 2 Clinical Coservation CONS701 2 4 3 clinical Prothodontic PROTH701 2 4 3 Preclinical orthodontics PCORTHO701 1 2 2 Preclinical peadodontic 1 2 2 General surgery GSURG701 2 - 2 Total 16 22 24 Semester V111: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Community Dentistry DCom802 2 4 3 Oral Pathology DPath802 2 4 3 clinical paedontic DCPaedo801 1 3 2 General medicine GMed802 2 1 3 clinical OM.F Surgery PCDSurg802 1 4 2 Clinical Periodontology Perio802 1 3 2 Clinical orthodontic Ortho802 1 2 2 clinical Conservation Cons 802 1 3 2 clinical Prosthodontic PROSTH802 1 3 2 General surgery GSurg 802 2 3 3 Total 14 30 24 Semester 1X: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Oral&M.F.Surgery DSURG903 2 4 3 Crown& bridge Cr&BrG903 1 3 2 Conservation Endod903 2 4 3 Periodontics Perio903 2 4 3 Prosthodontics Prosth903 2 4 3 Paedodontics PAEDO 2 4 3 orthodontics ORTHO902 1 3 3 Total 11 23 20 Semester X: Educational Unit Code Credit hours Credit hours Credit hours Theory Practical Total Oral&M.F.Surgery DSurg1004 2 4 3 Crown& bridge Cr&Br1002 2 4 2 Conservation Cons1004 2 4 3 Periodontics Perio1004 2 4 3 Prothodontics Prosts1004 2 4 3 Paedodontics. Paedo&Ortho1004 1 3 3 orthodontics 1 3 3 Total 12 26 20 Total =200 Teaching & Learning Strategy: Philosophy: For the Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Alneelain University to graduate competent practitioners which are knowledgeable, skillful & dutiful and have good ethics, the Faculty decided to make a curriculum that is cover all the fields of dentistry associated with full clinical training followed by intensive clinical training course & research project. Learning Situations: A multitude of learning situations will be utilized with emphasis on the situations that give the student ownership and control of learning situations. The learning situations will include: 1- Lectures 2- Practical sessions 3- Tutorials 4- Seminars 5- Clinical session 6- Clinical raining 7- E-learning Learning Approaches- The learning approaches should be based on the trend stated in the philosophy. The main approaches are: 1- Learning: which is expected to help in the development of the congestive skills, like critical thinking, decision making & problem solving 2- Integration between preclinical studies & clinical experience. Resources: The following learning recourses are going to be made available for the students: 1- A library with the recommended text books & periodical in the various disciplines of Dentistry. 2- A computer lab with a digital library containing books. CDs, multimedia resources and an internet connection to the relevant online resources. 3- Laboratories including clinical skill labs 4- Clinical teaching Course Objectives and Contents: Assessment and Evaluation Strategy: Evaluation of the Curriculum: Evaluation of Students: ● Students are evaluated in cognitive, affective, psychomotor domains in all courses with an emphasis on formative evaluation through out the course to provide frequent feed back to the student. Examinations and quizzes are coordinated in all components. Letter grading is used in all courses; written and narrative evaluation of students is provided where appropriate. Students are evaluated individually against curriculum standard and could be ranked. Evaluation and Grading: ●Assessment: Examination on all domains of learning are conducted through out the year employing both formative and summative type of assessment types. Although the formative types are meant for diagnosis & feed back, a percentage not exceeding 20% of the final mark can be calculated for these tests and considered as form of a continuous assessment. ● Calculation of grades: Grades are going to be calculated based on a preset scale provided that examinations are adjusted in a way that guarantees that a minimally competent student pass all tests & that the interpretation of results are there for criterion referenced. ●Grading scale: We use a five-point grading scale according to the following table: Score Range Letter Grade Interpretation More than 80 A Excellent 70-80 B Very Good 60-70 C Good 50-60 D Pass Less than 50 F Fail Passing any educational unit requires that one obtains an overall scaled score of at least 50%. General Anatomy for DENTAL student 1.Course Objectives 1. Know the major anatomical structures of the human body and their primary functions. 2. Be able to recognize important clinical structures and landmarks on various radiographic images including CT, MR and X-ray images, in all planes. 3. Be able to recognize and/or palpate, based on an understanding of surface anatomy, various anatomical structures, both superficial and deep. 4. Be able to make reasonable predictions of the clinical manifestation of injury or disease to anatomic structures. 5. Be able to relate anatomic structures to clinical diagnostic procedures and treatment approaches 2. Courses Contents: 3- Gross Anatomy: 3.1 THORACIC REGION 3.1.a-Region Objectives: By the end of this region the student should be able to 1- Identify the different component of the bony thorax 2- The important relations and the anatomical land marks of thoracic cage 3- The respiratory system& pleural sac 4- The mediastenal contents 5- The cardiovascular system& the great vessels 3.1.bContents Time a located during the week Topics Time for Theory Practical time tutorial a-Introduction and terminology related to the anatomy and topographic anatomy 2hours 3 hours 2hours b- Surface antomy of the thorax 2hours 3 hours 2hours c- Thoracic cage and its articulations. 2hours 3 hours 2hours d- Thoracic wall and surface anatomy. 2hours 3 hours 2hours e- Thoracic cavity, plura and lungs. 2hours 3 hours 2hours f-mediastinium ,pericardium 2hours 3 hours 2hours g- middle mediastemum & heart 2hours 3hours 2hours h- cardiovascular anatomy( great vessels& blood supply of the heart) 2hours 3hours 2hours i- cardiovascular anatomy( conducting system of the heart) 2hours 3 hours 2hours j- posterior mediastenum contents 2hours 3hours 2hours 3.2 Applied Gross Anatomy of Abdomen, Pelvis for dental student 3.2. a-Objectives of this regions: The student should be able to: 1-identify the regional anatomical land mark 2- Deal with these parts of the human body during general body examination 3- Deal with emergences and patient right refer 3.2.b- contents Applied Gross Anatomy Abdomen& Pelvic regions Topics theory Pract.& tutorial a-Anterior abdominal wall and surface anatomy of the internal organs. 2 hour 3 hours b-Clinical application and hernias. 1 hour 3 hours c- Anatomy of the GIT & Porto systemic Anastomosis. 1 hour 3 hours d- The anatomical land marks of bony pelvis & iliac crest 1 hour 3 hours e-Identification of urinary and reproductive systems. 1 hour 3 hours 3.3- Applied Gross anatomy of the Limbs: 3.3. a- Objective The dental student needs this course to a-relate between the different parts of the body b- Identify& use correctly the peripheral superficial veins in investigations& managements c- Communicate scientifically with medical colleges d- be able to deal with emergencies 3.3. b- contents Topics theory Practical& tutorial a Appendicular skeleton & the names of the joints. 2 hours 3 hours b Brachial blexus, shoulder region & axilla. 2 hours 3 hours c Cubital fossa and superficial veins variation. 2 hours 3 hours d Glutial region and the thigh. 2 hours 3 hours e Knee joint , populated fossa& -Leg and foot 1hours 3 hours f Common fractures of the limbs & nerves injures 1 hours 3 hours 3.4. Gross Anatomy of the head & neck 3.4. a- Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1-Identify the bones of the skull& cervical vertebrae. 2- Locate the cranial& facial exits and describe the structures& function of the structures passing through 3-Locate the origin and insertion and describe the action of the muscles of the head and neck. 4- Describe the venous and arterial blood supply to the structures of the head and neck. 5-Explain the relationship of the autonomic nervous system to the head and neck. 6-Locate and identify the glandular tissues and associated structures in the head and neck. 7-Describe the location and function of the lymphatic system of the head and neck. 8-Trace the routes of infection of the orofacial region. 9-Describe the injection penetration sites for dental local anesthesia. 10-Describe the anatomy , functioning& common disorders of the temporomandibular joint. 3.4.b- Contents - topics theory practical tutorial 1-Oestology of the skull and facial skeleton 1 2 hours 3 hours 2hours 2- Oestology of the skull and facial skeleton 1 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 3-The spine, cervical vertebrae and surface markings. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 4-Cervical fascia& Fascial spaces . 2 hours 3 hours 2hours 5-Scalp and head injuries. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 6- cutaneous innervation of the face& distribution of trigeminal nerve 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 7- blood supply of the face & dangerous trigone 2hours 3 hours 2 hours 8- muscles of facial expression 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 9- posterior triangle of the neck& cervical plexus 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 10- anterior triangle of the neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 11- Carotid sheath 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 12- sub-occipital region& back of the neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 13- Median viscera of the neck& thyroid gland 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 14- Infratemporal fossa 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 15- Pterygopalatine fossa 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 16- Cranial cavity& dural sinuses 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 17- Nasal cavity and Para nasal sinuses. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 18- Oral cavity 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 19- Salivary Glands 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 20- Muscles of mastication and TMJ. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 21-Pharynx 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 22-Larynx. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 23-Root of the neck& Pre vertebral region 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 24-Orbit. 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 25-Ear 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 26- Lymphatic Drainage of head& neck 2 hours 3 hours 2 hours 4. Neuroanatomy 4.1- Objectives: By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1- know the general organization of the nervous system 2-Identify the different components of the nervous system 3-The pathways and gaits of forth& back messages through the nervous system 4- The circulations through& around the nervous system and the clinical problem correlate to them 3- Correlate between the different connections, anatomical location and neurological activities of the different parts of the nervous system 4- Identify the main neurological disturbances& the neurological defect lead to them. 4.2 Course contents Topics theory Pract.& tutorials 1- Introduction to neuroanatomy. 2hour 2hour 2- topography of the brain& meninges . 2hour 3hour 3- Cerebral cortex, Lobes and cortical areas . 2hour 3hour 4-Basal ganglia and thalamus 2hour 3 hours 4- Organization& external feature of the brain stem and its locations. 2hour 3hour 5- Internal features of brain stem. 2hour 2hour 6- Topography of the spinal cord and its segmentations 2hour 3hour 7-Internal features of spinal cord. 2hour 8-Tractology. 2hour 9-Limb system.& Reticular formation 2hour 2hour 10-CSF circulation & ventricular system. 2hour 2hour 11-Blood supply of the nervous system& dural venous sinuses . 2hour 3 hours 5. EMBRYOLOGY . 5.1. Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to 1- know about the gametes& gamitogenesis 2- know about normal fertilization& in virtro fertilization 3- know the normal site of implantation & ectopic pregnancy 4- know the derivatives of the germinal layers 5- know the fetal developmental stages& full term baby 6- fetal membranes & placenta 7- know the process of development craniofacial region, cardiovascular region& their associate developmental defects 8- know the process of development of the oral cavity& orofacial clefts 5.2 Course Contents Topics theory 1-Primordial germinal cells gonads differentiation& Gamete formation, 2 hours 1- Introduction to genetics& chromosomal abnormalities 2 hours 3-Menstruation& ovulation 2 hours 4- fertilization, implantation and ectopic pregnancy. 2 hours 5-Bilaminar germ disc 2 hours 6-Derivatives of the germinal layers 2 hours 7-Morphological changes in the human body during intrauterine life. 2 hours 8-Fetal membranes& Placenta 2 hours 9-Twins pregnancy& Siamese twins 2 hours 10-Development of CNS 2 hours 11-Development of the cranium& facial skeleton 1 2 hours 12-Development of the cranium& facial skeleton 2 2 hours 13-Development of cardiovascular system . 2 hours 14- Craniofacial& cardiovascular defects 2 hours 15-Pharyngeal arches and orofacial development 2 hours 16-Development of the head& neck 2 hours 17-Development of the respiratory system & upper gut 2 hours 6.HUMAN HISTOLOGY 6.1. Objectives By the end of this course the student should be able to:- 1- know the different parts of the light microscope& how to use the microscopic 2- know about the different histological techniques and slide preparations 3- identify the micrscopical picture of the different body tissues 4- identify the functional & histological changes of the tissues under the microscope 6.2 Contents Topic Theoretical hours Pract.& tutorial 1-The Body’s Microscopic Organization 2hours 2hours 2-. Cytology, recognize parts of the typical cell and describe their 2hours 2hours 3- Cell mitosis.& chromosomes 2hours 2hours 4-Classify tissues and list their functions. 2hours 2hours 5- The epithelial tissues. 2hours 2hours 6- Classify the epithelia. 2hours 2hours 7-Describe types of membranes. 2hours 2hours 8-Types of glands.& endocrine system 2hours 2hours 9-Connective tissues and their functions. 2hours 2hours 10-The types of connective tissue propers. 2hours 2hours 11-The supporting connective tissues. 2hours 2hours 12-The specialized connective tissue B blood. 2hours 2hours 13- The muscular tissues. 2hours 2hours 14- The nervous tissues. 2hours 2hours 15- The lymphoid tissue. 2hours 2hours 16- .The special sense organs 2hours 2hours 17- Histology of the salivary glands 2hours 2hours 18- Histology of the respiratory system 2hours 2hours 19- Histology of the cardiovascular system 2hours 2hours 20 – Histology of the digestive systm 2hours 2hours 7-Recommended Books: Clinical anatomy for medical students. Richard Snell - by regions. Last anatomy Clinical anatomy – Kiss Moore. Human development. – Moore. Anatomy for dental student - Moore Basic histology. Functional histology. Gray's anatomy -------( as reference) 8- Methods of teaching: 8.1- Lectures. 8.2- Dissection of human body (cadaver) & demonstration of anatomical specimens of cadavers. 8.3- Slides show. 8.4- Tutorials on topics focusing on clinical application. 8.5- Discussion groups tutors review. 8.6-seminars 9-Evaluation& assessment : 9.1MSQS single best answer 2 papers A. Paper I -100 MCQs gross antatomy B.Paper II- 20 MCQs applied surgical anatomy . 9.2. Continuous assessment . 9.3. OSPE 9.4. Oral examination Biochemistry and Nutrition Objectives At the end of the course the student would be able to acquire a useful core of information, and should know 1. the structure of cholesterol and why it cannot be carried free in plasma. 2. why amylase will not hydrolyse cellulose. 3. haemoglobin is globular and keratin is fibrous. 4. mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Should know more than 90 % of ATP is formed by this process. 5. hydrochloric acid cannot break a peptide bond at room temperature. 6. the steps of glycogenesis. 7. the basis of increase of urea and creatininein blood in renal insufficiency. 8- the structure of insulin. Should know why insulin level in circulation is normal in most cases of maturity onset diabetes. 9. the structure of ATP and energy needs. 10. the mechanism of action of prolylhydroxylase. 11. the structure of Vitamin K and basis of bleeding arising due to its deficiency starvation1. CHEMISTRY OF BIOORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification. Monosaccharides - Isomerism, anomerism. Sugar derivatives, Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Structures of starchand glycogen. Lipids : Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction tocompound lipids. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle. Bimolecular leaflet. Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids: Classification. Introduction to peptides. Proteins : Simple and conjugated; globular and fibrous. Charge properties. Buffer action . Introduction to protein conformation . Denaturation. Nucleic acids: Building units . Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA. 2. High energy compounds: ATP , Phosphorylamidines, Thiolesters, Enol phosphates. Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary lipids, essential fatty acids. Nitrogen balance. Essential amino acids. Protein quality and requirement (methods for evaluation of protein quality to be excluded). Protein calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of monosaccharides. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake of amino acids. 3. MICRONUTRIENTS Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms. Brief account of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions. Vitamins A functions including visual process. Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. Vitamin K and gamma carboxylation. Introduction to antivitamins and hypervitaminosis. Minerals :Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion, function. Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport. Heme and nonheme iron functions; deficiency. Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of thyroxine. Fluoride: function, deficiency and excess. Indications of role of other minerals. 4. ENERGY METABOLISM Overview: Outlines of glycolysis,pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphyorylation. Ketone body formation and utilisation. Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis. Lactate metabolism . Protein utilisation for energy. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Integration of metabolism. 5. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid. Outlines of cholesterol synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea formation. Phosphocreatine formation. Transmethylation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon transfer. Detoxication : Typical reactions. Examples of toxic compounds. Oxygen toxicity Biochemistry II Contents BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA as genetic material. Introduction to replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA. Genetic code and mutation. Outline of translation process.Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription and translation. Introduction to cancer, viruses and oncogenes. 7. ENZYME AND METABOLIC REGULATION Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme inhibitors, proenzyme and isoenzymes. Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by induction/repression. Overview of hormones. Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol triphosphate. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief. Acid base regulation. Electrolyte balance. 8. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND BLOOD PROTEINS Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans. Bone structure. Structure of membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis. Introduction to cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief. Haemoglobin: functions. Introduction to heme synthesis and degradation. Plasma proteins: classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief account of immunoglobulins. Plasma lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover. 9. MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Regulation of blood glucose.Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of glycemic status. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical evaluation. Hyperlipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver function tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney function tests and gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation. Gout. Examples ofgenetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, glycogen storage disorders, glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, inborn errorsof amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy ( one or two examples with biochemical basis will be adequate). Serum enzymes in diagnosis. TEXT& REFERENCE BOOKS: 1- Concise text book of Biochemistry (3rd edition) 2001, T.N. Pattabiraman 2.Nutritional Biochemistry 1995,S. Ramakrishnan and S.V. Rao 3.Text book of Biochemistrywith clinical correlations 1997, T.N. Devlin 4.Harper’s Biochemistry, 1996., R.K. Murray et.al 5.Basic and applied Dental Biochemistry, 1979, R.A.D. Williams & J.C.Elliot PHYSIOLOGY CURRICULUM FOR DENTAL STUDENTS SEMESTER (2, 3, 4 138hours) A- Course Overview: The course in human physiology aims to provide students with essential knowledge and comprehensive background of the normal body functions, which will enable them to understand abnormal changes due to diseases. The course emphasis the mechanisms which control the various organs and systems and their integration with each other. Through knowledge of human physiology is one and the basic requirements for intelligent clinical practice and prevention of disease. B- General Objectives of the Physiology Courses: On completion of the course in physiology the student will: 1- Apply the basic principles of physiology to clinical problems so as to explain the symptoms and signs of disease. 2- Endeavor to apply physiological knowledge and skills to solve clinical or community health problems. 3- Develop independent study habits so as to continue to learn physiology and other medical sciences on his own. 4- Integrate the facts and concepts of physiology in order to explain the rationale of management procedures. 5- Master preliminary laboratory skills and bedside techniques commonly encountered in clinical practice. INTRODUCTION: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to:- 1. Describe the functional relationships between various organ systems of the body. 2. Explain in outlines the importance of a stable environment (homeostasis) to normal human health and the role of the nervous system and endocrine glands in this regard 3. Describe body composition and in particular the distribution and composition of body fluids. 4. Define feedback mechanisms and identified the various components of control system. 5. Describe the functional organization of the autonomic nervous system and its chemical transmitters. 6. Enumerate the functions and describes the investigation of the various parts of autonomic nervous system. 7. Describe the mechanism of temperature regulation and energy metabolism. 8. Describe the functional regulation of cell membrane, transport across cell, electrical properties of resting and excitable membrane. 9. Outline the different functions of skin , the basis of skin pigmentation to relate these functions to its structure. Contents: Lectures: (20 hours) 1) Homeostasis. 2) Composition of the body. 3) Body fluids, compartments volume and composition. 4) Control of total body water. 5) Exchange of fluid between various fluids compartments. 6) Regulation of body temperature and energy metabolism, metabolic rate & BMR. 7) Cell membrane physiology and electrophysiology. 8) Autonomic nervous system. 9) Functions of skin and functional structural relationship and the basis of pigmentation. Practical: 1) Units and concentrations (problems). 2) Hospital visits in relevant body fluid, and their disturbances. 3) Demonstration of autonomic function. 4) Clinical thermometer and measurement of body temperature. 5) Assessment of the environmental temperatures. 6) A problem on temperature regulation. 7) Basal metabolic rate & metabolic rate. BLOOD: Objectives: At the end of this course the student should be able to describe: 1) Blood constituents and plasma proteins and their functions. 2) Production and functions of the red blood cells. 3) Structure and function of hemoglobin. 4) Breakdown of red blood cells and the rate of hemoglobin. 5) Disorders of abnormal production and breakdown of red blood cells and hemoglobin. 6) Function of white blood cells and mechanisms of immunity. 7) Basis of blood grouping systems and their medical importance. 8) The mechanisms of hemostasis and its importance in clinical practice 9) Disorders of hemostatitic mechanisms Contents: Lectures: (18 hours) 1) Blood composition. 2) Plasma and its proteins. 3) Bone marrow. 4) Red blood cells production. 5) Dietary factors required for normal erythropoesis. 6) Hemoglobin structure and formation. 7) Haemoglobinopathies. 8) Anaemias. 9) White blood cells types, morphology and functions. 10) The immune system, immunization, and basis of autoimmune diseases and tissue transplantation. 11) Blood groups. 12) Blood transfusion. 13) Platelets. 14) Haemostasis and its abnormalities. Practical: 1) Methods of collection of blood samples 2) Hemoglobin estimation. 3) Packed cell volume. 4) Red blood cells count. 5) Derived blood indices. 6) Reticulocyte count. 7) Red blood cells fragility. 8) Differential white blood cells count. 9) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 10) Blood groups. 11) Visit to the blood bank 12) Haemostasis. Cardio-Vascular System: Objectives: At the end of the module the student should be able to: 1) Explain the functional characteristics of the cardiac muscle proper and conducting system. 2) Describe the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle. 3) Describe the events in the cardiac cycle and their sequence and heart sounds. 4) Draw the volume pressure relationship curve of the ventricles and explain it’s different components. 5) Define cardiac output explain how it is measured and describe the factors which regulate it. 6) Describe the factors involved in the regulation of the arterial blood pressure. 7) Describe the pathophysiological changes in right and left ventricular failure. 8) Identify the various waves in ECG, intervals and segments, and outline their significance in health and disease. 9) Explain the common arrhythmias and how they can be diagnosed. 10) Describe Cardio-vascular responses to muscular exercise. 11) Describe coronary circulation. A) Lectures (16 hours) 1) Functional characteristics of the cardiac muscle. 2) Electrophysiology of the cardiac muscle. 3) The cardiac cycle and volume-pressure relationship. 4) Cardiac output definition, measurement and regulation. 5) Factors affecting heart rate and stroke volume. 6) Arterial blood pressure, definitions and regulation including, baroreceptor, and chemoreceptor reflexes and peripheral resistance. 7) Pathophysiology of heart failure. 8) Electrocardiographs and arrhythmias. 9) C.V. responses to muscular exercise. 10) Coronary circulation. B) Practical: 1) Automicity and conductivity of the frog’s heart. 2) Properties of the mammalian heart. 3) Clinical examination of the C.V.S. 4) Measurement of arterial blood pressure and pulse rate. 5) E.C.G. C) Video films. a) Electrical and mechanical events in the heart. b) Control of the C.V.S. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Objectives:- At the end of these units the student will be able to describe: 1) Gas properties. 2) Mechanics of respiration. 3) Pulmonary circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. 4) Transport of O2, Co2 in the blood and gas exchange at the lung and tissues. 5) Control of respiration. 6) Effect of exercise on respiration. 7) Some respiratory abnormalities. 8) Hypoxia. 9) Hypercapnia, hypocapnia. 10) Respiratory alkalosis & acidosis. Lectures: (12 hours) 1) Gas properties. 2) Functional anatomy of the lung. 3) Mechanisms of the respiration Ventilation; lung volumes and capacities, surface tension and surfactant, compliance and work of breathing, lung function tests 4) Pulmonary circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. 5) Gas exchange in the lung: Fick's law of diffusion, diffusion capacity 6) Pulmonary circulation &ventilation perfusion ratio 7) Gas transport in blood; oxygen transport,, oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve and carbon dioxide transport in blood 8) Control of ventilation; chemical control of ventilation, neural control of ventilation and cough reflex 9) Exercise & respiration. 10) Hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypocapnia and cyanosis 11) Respiratory, acid base disturbances. Practical:- 1) Clinical examination of respiratory system & lungs. 2) Lung volume & capacities. 3) Airway resistance FEV, FVC, PEFR. 4) Breathe holding experiment and control of respiration. 5) Effects of exercise. GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to describe: 1) Gastrointestinal secretions: salivary, stomach, pancreatic, small & large intestine. (Composition, functions, mechanism and control of secretion). 2) Swallowing and motility patterns in the GIT & their role in mixing and propulsion of food as well as in defecation. 3) Absorption in the GIT and the abnormalities related to malabsorption. 4) Pancreatic and liver functions, bile formation, functions & control of secretion. 5) Gastrointestinal hormones and their role in secretion and motility in the GIT. Lectures (12 hours) 1) Secretions: salivary, gastric, pancreatic, small intestinal, large intestinal. 2) Control mechanisms of secretion. 3) Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate, protein & fat. 4) Motility: including oropharyngeal motility, gastric emptying, vomiting, small and large intestinal motility and defecation. 5) Hepatic functions bile formation, function and control of secretion. 6) GIT hormones. Practical: 1) Effects of drugs and ions on the motility of an isolated mammalian intestine RENAL SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to: 1) Describe the structural functional relationship of the kidney. 2) Correlate renal blood flow to renal functions. 3) Describe the mechanism of glomerular filtration, factors that determine it and factors that affect it. 4) Describe the concept of clearance and its use in measuring GFR, RPF and in assessing renal functions in disease. 5) Describe the mechanism of tubular re-absorption and secretion and the ability to form dilute and concentrated urine. 6) Outline the role of the kidney in homeostasis i.e. regulation of ECF volumes, electrolyte balance, osmolality, PH and blood pressure. 7) Explain the endocrine functions of the kidney. 8) Describe the composition of urine and some of the important changes, which occur in diseases. 9) Describe the act of micturation and pathophysiology of its common disturbance. Contents: Lectures: (12 hours) 1) Structural functional relationship in the kidney and its functions. 2) Renal blood flow. 3) Glomerular filtration. 4) Clearance; significance and clinical application. 5) Tubular functions. 6) Concentration of urine. 7) Role of kidney on regulation of ECF volume and osmolarity and electrolyte concentration. 8) pH regulation and role of kidney in acid base balance in normal state and major disturbances. 9) Role of the kidney in endocrine regulation. 10) Assessment of renal functions. 11) Micturition. Practical: 1) Measurement of GFR 2) Diueresis. 3) Clearance. 4) Problem on renal failure. 5) Problem on acid base disturbances. ENDOCRINOLGY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to describe: 1) The general features of endocrine control, mechanism of action of hormones and receptors. 2) The synthesis; secretion; transport; mechanism of action of the hormones secreted by the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas and parathyroid glands. 3) Outline the physiology of sex differentiation, puberty and menopause. 4) The menstrual cycle and its control. 5) Spermatogenesis and endocrine control of male reproductive functions. 6) The physiological changes during pregnancy and mechanism of parturition. 7) Outline the initiation and maintenance of lactation. Lectures: (24 hours) Contents: 1) Anterior pituitary development and structure; hypothalamic hypophyseal tracts and neurosecretion; action of the trophic hormones prolactin and growth hormones with common abnormalities, Sheehan’s syndrome, hypo ad hyperactivity. 2) Posterior pituitary development and microstructure; antidiuretic hormone actions and regulation of secretion. Diabetes insipidus, Oxytocin and regulation of secretion. 3) Adrenal cortex hormones action and control; hyper and hypoactivity. 4) Thyroid hormones synthesis control and actions Pathophysiology of goiter thyrotoxicosis ,hypo and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function tests. 5) Bone physiology ,calcium and phosphorous homeostasis and their hormonal regulation. Disorders of bone formation and calcium homeostasis. 6) Pancreatic hormones control and action; regulation of blood glucose; glucose tolerance test, diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. 7) Sex differentiation-puberty. 8) Spermatogenesis and endocrine function of testes and its control. 9) Menstrual cycle and its endocrine control. 10) Pregnancy and placental functions. 11) Lactation. Practical:- 1) Clinical demonstration of endocrine abnormalities. 2) Problems on thytoxicosis and hypothyroidism. 3) Video tape on Cushing, Acromegaly, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. 4) Pregnancy test. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Objectives: The student at the end of this unit will be able to: 1) Outline the topography of the brain and its meanings and blood supply. 2) Outline the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. 3) Describe the synaptic connection and transmission. 4) Describe the resting membrane potential, action potential, nerve conduction and their ionic basis. 5) Describe the molecular basis and mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. 6) Describe the mechanism involved in reception, transmission, coding and perception of somatic and special sensation. 7) Describe the initiation and control of voluntary reflex movement, and posture. 8) Describe the basic functions of the vestibular apparatus and cerebellum and basal ganglia. 9) Describe the functions of the hypothalamus and the integration of neural, hormonal and visceral functions. 10) Describe the higher functions of brain. 11) Describe the physiological basis of sleep and the electroencephalogram. Contents: Lectures (24) 1) Introduction to neuroscience. 2) Resting membrane potential, action potential and nerve conduction. 3) Synaptic transmission. 4) Neuromuscular junction. 5) Molecular basis of muscle contraction and types of contraction. 6) Sensory modalities. Receptor and mechanism of their coding. Pathway of pain, orofacial pain, pain control, abnormal pain . 7) Physiology of temperature, touch, pressure and proprioceptive sensations. 8) Functional interaction at spinal cord level. 9) Reflexes. 10) Brain stem. 11) Cerebellum: Functional organization. Input and output system. Functions of cerebellum and its clinical abnormalities. 12) Basal ganglia:Functions of basal ganglia, clinical syndromes resulting from damage to basal ganglia. 13) Diencephalon:Subdivision, brief consideration of the thalamus and hypothalamus. 14) Control of muscle tone and body posture. 15) Cerebrum:Motor mechanisms (motor areas of cortex & pathways, effect of lesions, role of cerebrum in skilled motor patterns, initiation of voluntary motor activity). 16) Limbic system. 17) Reticular activating system. 18) Memory, learning, consciousness, sleep. 19) Physiology of hearing. 20) Vision physiology, abnormalities, and visual evoked responses. 21) Smell and taste. 22) The electroencephalogram (EEG). Practical: 1) Nerve & muscle preparation & single muscle twitch. 2) Effect of strength variation, summation, genesis of tetanus and fatigue. 3) Measurement of nerve conduction and EMG. 4) Reflexes. 5) Clinical examination of sensory and motor systems. 6) Vision. 7) Auditory system. 8) Taste. 9) EEG.